Response of 3D high-density electrical method to the interface of rock (soil) layer and karst collapse
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摘要:
在岩溶发育区开展三维高密度电阻率法勘察，建立理想的地电模型，并对已完成的三维高密度电法区开展数值模拟。采用有限差分和阻尼最小二乘法进行正、反演计算，分析其电场响应特征，并选择部分工程勘察孔进行验证，并反复推演，提升模拟成果准确度。将回填土与基岩界面、岩溶以三维方式表达。结果表明：采用数值模拟计算在物性差异明显情况下，高密度电法对界面、岩溶的刻画详细；三维高密度电法包含大量地电信息，反演结果三维可视化更加直观，为下一步工程建设提供了依据。
Abstract:Karst ground collapse occurs frequently in karst areas in China, which can easily lead to a series of hazards such as road deformation, house destruction and pipeline rupture. Karst collapse is uncertain, hidden and sudden, which poses a great threat to people's lives and property. Moreover, karst collapse is potential to facilitate the connection between surface water and groundwater, which may lead to the intermingling of these two water sources and subsequently contribute to groundwater contamination. Therefore, karst survey is of great significance to urban planning and disaster prevention and reduction. However, within the complex urban environment, accurately depicting karst morphology presents a significant challenge for geophysical exploration. Linyi City of Shandong Province, located in the west of the Tanlu Fault Zone, is one of the important temperate areas of karst development in the world. This city is especially characterized by soluble carbonate strata of Cambrian system and Ordovician system. The survey area is located in the monoclinic hydrogeological unit of Linyi, where karst fissure water is developed. In the past, the disorderly exploitation of groundwater led to frequent flowing of groundwater and many occurrences of karst collapse. In this study, we carried out 3D high-density electrical surveys in the study area, and laid 14 lines for high-density electrical survey at intervals of 12 m between each measuring line and 2 m between each measuring point. We also adopted the Wenner device, setting 25 as the maximum isolation coefficient. In this study, we firstly analyzed the physical properties of rocks in the study area, the results of which provided a physical basis for us to utilize the high-density electrical method for dividing stratigraphic boundaries and detecting karst. Subsequently, we established a geoelectric model and a 3D geoelectric structure of the study area to analyze the response characteristics of 3D high-density electrical method. Afterward, we selected some engineering exploration holes for verification and repeated deduction to improve the accuracy of simulation results. Taking P10 section as an example, we drilled holes at Point 127 for verification. According to geological records, a karst cave with a thickness of 4.1 m was found at the position of 24–28.1 m, which was basically consistent with the predicted results.
The results show as follows. (1) Based on the combination of forward and backward numerical simulation, the inversion results are believed to be reliable. (2) The 3D high-density resistivity method can provide a substantial amount of data and rich geoelectric information. It clearly reflects the interface between Quaternary strata and limestone, and offers an intuitive visualization of karst caves, making it highly effective in engineering site selection. (3) The analysis indicates that the karst drawdown funnel in Linyi City shifted from Lihang–Hougangtou in 2003 to Qijiazhuang village in 2007, during which karst collapse occurred frequently. Since 2012 after the nearby karst groundwater well that was overly exploited was closed, no karst collapse has occurred again. However, the early karst development left behind some caves, so thorough surveying should be conducted during urban construction. In conclusion, in cases where there are significant differences in physical properties, the high-density resistivity method can effectively characterize the interface and karst features in detail. It can also encompass extensive geoelectric information. Moreover, the 3D visualization of inversion results can enhance the clarity of the findings. This approach provides a solid foundation for subsequent engineering construction.
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Key words:
- 3D high density /
- karst collapse /
- response characteristics /
- numerical simulation
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表 1 区内岩、土层电性统计表
Table 1. Electrical properties of rocks and soil layers in the study area
地质代号 岩性 电阻率ρ/Ω·m 平均值 变化范围 Q 回填土 25 15~100 临沂组黏土、砂土 17 10~50 Omt 马家沟组土峪段
灰岩、白云岩1 000 150~ 3 370 含水、含泥溶洞 ＜50 未充填的溶洞 ＞3 000 
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表 2 推测溶洞位置
Table 2. Inferred location of the karst cave
线号 点位 顶部距地
表距离/m底部距地
表距离/m线号 点位 顶部距地
表距离/m底部距地
表距离/m线号 点位 顶部距地
表距离/m底部距地
表距离/mP1 143 −20 −27 P5 130 −42 −48 P10 131 −28 −48 P1 145 −20 −27 P5 132 −42 −48 P10 133 −28 −48 P1 147 −20 −27 P6 123 −25 −48 P10 134 −28 −48 P1 149 −20 −27 P6 125 −25 −48 P11 125 −28 −48 P1 151 −20 −27 P6 127 −25 −48 P11 127 −28 −48 P1 154 −20 −27 P6 129 −25 −48 P11 129 −28 −48 P2 126 −24 −48 P7 126 −26 −48 P11 131 −28 −48 P2 128 −24 −48 P7 128 −26 −48 P11 133 −28 −48 P2 130 −24 −48 P7 130 −26 −48 P11 135 −28 −48 P2 132 −24 −48 P7 132 −26 −48 P12 124 −25 −48 P3 126 −24 −48 P8 130 −25 −48 P12 126 −25 −48 P3 128 −24 −48 P8 132 −25 −48 P12 128 −25 −48 P3 130 −24 −48 P8 134 −25 −48 P12 130 −25 −48 P3 132 −24 −48 P8 136 −25 −48 P12 132 −25 −48 P4 126 −36 −48 P9 127 −28 −48 P12 134 −25 −48 P4 128 −36 −48 P9 129 −28 −48 P12 136 −25 −48 P4 130 −36 −48 P9 131 −28 −48 P12 137 −25 −48 P4 132 −36 −48 P9 133 −28 −48 P14 144 −22 −48 P4 133 −36 −48 P10 125 −28 −48 P14 146 −22 −48 P5 126 −42 −48 P10 127 −28 −48 P14 148 −22 −48 P5 128 −42 −48 P10 129 −28 −48 P14 150 −22 −48
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