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摘要:
碳中和是当前世界关注的热点，地球科学可以在其中发挥很大的作用。在国际上，政府间气候变化专门委员会、国际能源署、能源转型委员会，以及在国家层面，政策咨询小组已就CO2减排可能的实现方式提出了一系列模型和预测情景，表明要实现碳中和，电将代替化石燃料成为全球能源的主要载体。在全球迫切需要减排的背景下，地球科学为实现《巴黎协定》气候目标提供地质解决方案至关重要，主要科学问题涉及：储热与地热；干热岩；水电储能；压缩空气储能；核能；碳捕集与储存；氢经济；能源转型需要的矿产原材料。这就需要地球科学：一是对岩石进行地球化学和地质体的岩石力学特征描述，以便在可能开展脱碳的地区储存CO2和建立绿色能源系统；二是进一步揭示电动汽车电池和风力涡轮机等所需矿产资源的起源和成因；三是从小型实验室尺度扩大到试点、工业化和商业化全尺度规模；四是要了解公众对地下脱碳技术的态度，保证项目安全性。碳中和目标为地球科学研究提供了新的机遇，未来发展需要从多方面提供支持；提高对地球科学在实现脱碳方面关键作用的认识，并发展技术，打造产业链，实现可持续发展。
Abstract:Carbon neutralization is a hot topic in the world, and geoscience can play an important role in this field. Internationally, the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, the International Energy Agency, the Energy Transition Commission, and policy advisory groups at the national level have proposed a series of models and scenarios for possible ways to reduce CO2 emissions, indicating that to achieve carbon neutrality, electricity will replace fossil fuels as the main carrier of global energy. In the context of global urgent need for CO2 emission reduction, it is very important for geosciences to provide geological solutions to achieve the climate objectives of the Paris Agreement. Carbon dioxide emission reduction involves many scientific issues, including heat storage and geothermal, dry hot rock, hydropower energy storage, compressed air energy storage, nuclear energy, carbon capture and storage, hydrogen economy and mineral raw materials for energy transformation. Earth science can help reducing carbon dioxide emissions through the following ways: first, to describe the rock mechanics characteristics of geological body, so as to store CO2 and establish green energy system in the decarbonization area; secondly, to further reveal the origin and genesis of the mineral resources needed for electric vehicle batteries and wind turbines; thirdly, to expand the scale from small laboratory to pilot, industrialization and commercialization; and fourthly, to understand the public's attitude towards underground decarbonization technology to ensure the safety of the project. The goal of carbon neutralization provides new opportunities for geoscience research, and the future development needs support from various aspects. Achieving carbon neutrality requires improving awareness of the key role of geoscience in achieving decarbonization, developing technologies, building industrial chains, and achieving sustainable development.
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图 3 能源转型委员会(2017年)4个转型战略(据Lindsay Delevingne et al., 2020)
Figure 3.
图 5 储存场地的地质特征(据Phil Ringrose，2019)
Figure 5.
表 1 联合国可持续发展目标到2030年的目标和指标
Table 1. The 2030 goals and targets of the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)
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