Geology, ore-forming fluid and metallogenic age of orogenic gold deposits in the Northern Qaidam
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摘要:
柴达木盆地北缘是一条著名的超高压变质带，带内矿产资源丰富。造山带金矿广泛分布于柴北缘带内，本文着重对柴北缘金矿的地质特征、成矿流体的温度和同位素及成矿时代进行研究。结果显示：柴北缘造山型金矿主要赋存在中元古界、寒武系和奥陶系变质岩发育的剪切带中，且多数矿体的展布与NW向的构造相关。大多数金矿成矿温度呈双峰态分布，少部分呈单峰态分布，显示受到多期流体作用。成矿流体的δ18OH2O-SMOW(-1.7‰~10.31‰)和δDV-SMOW(-113.8‰~-41.6‰)指示其变质流体受到岩浆水及大气水等共同作用。含金硫化物(黄铁和方铅矿)的δ34S为0.5‰~11‰，主要集中在5‰~9‰，206Pb/204Pb为18.238~19.296，207Pb/204Pb为15.547~15.773，208Pb/204Pb为37.918~38.978，指示了成矿物质来源于地幔-上地壳，且一定程度上都受到了岩浆作用的影响。构造演化与成矿时代显示柴北缘发生了426~376 Ma、357~330 Ma和288~246 Ma三次金成矿事件。
Abstract:The northern margin of Qaidam Basin is a well-known ultra-high pressure metamorphic belt with abundant mineral resources. The orogenic gold deposits are widely distributed in the northern Qaidam. This paper focuses on the study of the geological characteristics, temperature and isotopes of ore-forming fluids of the gold deposits in northern Qaidam. The results show that the orogenic gold deposits are mainly distributed in the shear zones of the Mesoproterozoic, Cambrian and Ordovician metamorphic rocks, and most ore bodies is related to the NW-trending structures. Besides, the mineralization temperature of most gold deposits is bimodal, and only a few gold deposits exhibit monomodal in temperature, indicating that multi-phase fluids were involved in the mineralization process. The δ18OH2O-SMOW (-1.7‰-10.31‰) and δDV-SMOW(-113.8‰﹣-41.6‰) of the ore-forming fluid indicate that the metamorphic fluid is influenced by magmatic water and atmospheric water. The δ34S of gold-containing sulfides (pyrite and galena) ranges from 0.5‰ to 11‰, mainly in the range of 5‰ to 9‰, 206Pb/204Pb from 18.238 to 19.296, 207Pb/204Pb from 15.547 to 15.773, and 208Pb/204Pb from 37.918 to 38.978, which indicates that the ore-forming materials are derived from the mantle-upper crust, and are affected by magmatism to some extent. The tectonic evolution and metallogenic ages reveal that three gold metallogenic events occurred in the northern Qaidam during 426-376 Ma、357-330 Ma and 288-246 Ma.
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图 1 中国西北部主要构造单元示意图(a，据Song et al., 2013修改)及柴北缘构造格局与造山型金矿床空间位置图(b，据Zhang et al., 2009修改)
Figure 1.
图 2 柴北缘造山型金矿流体包裹体均一温度(Th)直方图(据张德全等, 2001；黄亚，2013；范贤斌, 2017；孟和, 2017；蔡鹏捷等, 2018)
Figure 2.
图 3 柴北缘造山型金矿δD与δ18Owater比值图(底图据Deng and Wang, 2016)
Figure 3.
图 4 柴北缘造山型金矿与其他类型S同位素对比(据Deng and Wang, 2016修改)
Figure 4.
图 5 柴北缘造山型金矿Pb同位素构造图解(底图据Zartman and Doe, 1981)
Figure 5.
图 6 柴北缘造山型金矿Pb同位素Δβ-Δγ图解(底图据朱炳泉等, 1998)
Figure 6.
表 1 柴北缘地质特征简表(据张德全等, 2001, 2005, 2007修改)
Table 1. Geological characteristics of the orogenic gold deposits in Northern Qaidam
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表 2 柴北缘造山型金矿流体包裹体显微测温数据(据张德全等, 2001；黄亚，2013；范贤斌, 2017；孟和, 2017；蔡鹏捷等, 2018)
Table 2. Temperature measurement data of fluid inclusions of orogenic gold deposits in the northern Qaidam (datas from Zhang et al., 2001; Huang, 2013; Fan, 2017; Meng, 2017; Cai et al., 2018)
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表 3 柴北缘造山型金矿H-O同位素
Table 3. δ18O and δD values of the orogenic gold deposits in the northern Qaidam
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表 4 柴北缘造山型金矿S同位素特征
Table 4. Analytical results of S isotope of the orogenic gold deposits in Northern Qaidam
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表 5 柴北缘造山型金矿Pb同位素特征
Table 5. Pb-isotpic compositions and characteristic parameters of orgen gold deposits in the northern Qaidam
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表 6 柴北缘造山型金矿相关成岩与成矿时间
Table 6. Diagenetic and metallogenic ages of orogenic gold deposits in the northern Qaidam
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