Chromite ore resources characteristic and analysis of supply and demand situation from 2021 to 2035 in China
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摘要:
研究目的 铬矿作为我国关键性矿产之一,是支撑我国战略性新兴新兴产业发展的重要矿种。我国铬矿资源匮乏,资源禀赋不佳,产量低,长期以来,铬矿石对外依存度高。研究铬矿未来供需情况,对于铬矿资源产业良性持续发展至关重要。
研究方法 本文对我国铬矿床地质、空间分布和资源储量等特征进行了总结,分析了我国铬矿资源开发利用的历史数据。在此基础上预测了我国铬供应量,并进一步利用铬部门消费法、人均不锈钢产量“S”形法、ARIMA模型法(不锈钢)等预测方法,分高、中、低3种情景对我国2021—2035年不锈钢产量和铬需求量进行了预测。
研究结果 (1)2021—2035年我国矿山铬年预测产量(矿石量)为15~20万t,二次铬预测产量(铬金属量)在182~284万t内;(2)在中情景下,2021—2035年我国铬需求量呈现先增后降的趋势,峰值点为2030年。2021—2030年我国人均不锈钢产量呈上升趋势,2030年到达峰值点,届时人均不锈钢产量35 kg,不锈钢产量5005万t,折铬总需求量945.39万t;之后逐渐下降,到2035年人均不锈钢产量降至30 kg,不锈钢产量4280万t,铬总需求量808.44万t。(3)2021—2035年,我国铬供需形势严峻,矿山铬对外依存度99%以上,若利用二次铬产量,则铬对外依存度降至69%以上。
结论 2021—2035年我国铬供需形势仍将严峻,缺口仍需大量进口矿石来补充。据此,提出加强铬矿地质勘查工作力度、力争实现铬矿找矿突破,重视二次铬回收利用、发展二次铬回收产业,加强铬矿产品储备、保障铬矿产品供应安全,优化铬矿产品结构,利用境外铬矿资源产品等对策结论。本文所形成的认识结论、对策建议对我国编制矿产资源规划、制定铬矿资源管理政策等具有一定的现实意义。
Abstract:This paper is the result of mineral exploration engineering.
Objective Chromium, as one of the critical minerals in China, supports the development of China's emerging industries. China is short of chromium ore resources, poor resource endowment and low production. For a long time, the chrome ore has been highly dependent on foreign countries. It is important for the healthy and sustainable development of chromium ore resource industry to study the future supply and demand of chrome ore.
Methods This paper summarizes the geology, spatial distribution, resource reserves and other characteristics of chromium deposits in China, and analyzes the historical data of the development and utilization of chromium resources in China. On this basis, the chromium supply in China is analyzed and predicted. And the stainless steel production and chromium demand in 2021−2035 in China are predicted under three scenarios, namely high, medium and low, by using chromium sector consumption method, S−curve of per capita stainless steel production, ARIMA model method (stainless steel) and other prediction methods.
Results (1) The production of chromium in China will be 150,000−200,000 tons, and the secondary chromium will be 1.82−2.84 million tons from 2021 to 2035; (2) Under the medium scenario, the demand for chromium in China from 2021 to 2035 is projected to follow an increasing and then decreasing trend, with the peak occurring in 2030. And, the per capita stainless steel production will keep an upward trend from 2021 to 2030, and will reach its peak in 2030. At that time, the per capita stainless steel production will be 35 kg, the stainless steel production will be 50.05 million tons, and the chromium demand will be 9.45 million production; After that, it will gradually decline. By 2035, the per capita stainless steel production will drop to 30 kg, the stainless steel production will be 42.8 million tons, and the chromium demand will be 8.07 million tons; (3) The supply and demand situation is severe in China from 2021 to 2035, and the external dependence rate of chromium will exceed 99%. If secondary chromium production is used, the external dependence rate of chromium will drop to more than 69%.
Conclusions The supply and demand situation of chromium in China will still be severe, and the gap still needs to be supplemented by a large number of imported ores from 2021−2035. On this basis, it is proposed to strengthen the geological exploration of chromium ore, strive to achieve a breakthrough in chromium ore prospecting, attach importance to the secondary chromium recovery, develop the secondary chromium recovery industry, strengthen the reserves of chromium ore products, ensure the safety of chromium ore product supply, optimize the structure of chromium ore products, and make use of overseas chromium ore resources and products. The conclusions and suggestions formed in this paper are of practical significance to the compilation of mineral resources planning and the formulation of chromium mineral resources management policies in China.
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图 2 1958—2020年我国矿山铬矿石(铬)产量及其在世界的比例(数据来源,USGS, 1996—2022,https://www.usgs.gov/centers/national-minerals-information-center/chromium-statistics-and-information;《中国铬矿志》编辑委员会,1996;朱训,1999 )
Figure 2.
表 1 2021年世界铬铁矿分布
Table 1. Distribution of chromium reserves in the world in 2021
国家 储量*/万t 储量分布/% 南非 20000 35.1% 哈萨克斯坦 23000 40.4% 印度 10000 17.5% 芬兰 2600 4.6% 土耳其 1300 2.3% 世界总量 57000 100.0% 注:*储量为商品级铬矿石量(保有量);除美国铬矿石品位Cr2O3归一化为7%、芬兰铬矿石品位Cr2O3归一化为26%,其他国家的铬矿石品位Cr2O3一律归一化为45%;数据来源:USGS,Mineral Commodity Summaries, January 2022, Chromium。 表 2 三种“S”形情景下典型国家和地区人均不锈钢产量、人均GDP及人均铬需求量
Table 2. Per capita stainless steel production, per capita GDP and per capita chromium demand in typical countries and regions under three scenarios
情 景 参考国家或地区 峰值点/年 人均GDP/
(万美元/人,1990 GK 美元)*人均不锈钢产量/kg 人均铬需求量/kg 高情景(高“S”形) 瑞典
中国台湾
韩国2001
2007
20152.12~2.18
2.1~2.3
2.56~2.7575~78
55~58
43~4612.75~13.26
9.35~9.86
7.31~7.82中情景(中“S”形) 日本 2000 2.44~2.56 29~33 4.93~5.61 低情景(低“S”形) 德国
法国
英国2001
1994
19941.8~1.9
1.86~1.89
1.81~1.8819~21
15~17
8~93.23~3.57
2.55~2.89
1.36~1.53注:*1999盖凯美元,以1990年美元为标准,将各国GDP折算成统一化的货币标准——盖凯美元,便于对比研究分析。 表 3 中国不锈钢产量ARIMA模型法拟合统计量
Table 3. ARIMA model statistics of stainless steel production in China
模型 预测变量数 模型拟合统计量 平稳的 R2 R2 RMSE MAPE MAE MaxAPE MaxAE 正态化的BIC ssconsumption-模型_1 1 0.340 0.995 49.232 36.895 28.946 85.180 214.552 8.107 注:RMSE、MAPE、MAE和BIC分别表示均方根误差、平均绝对百分比误差、平均绝对误差和贝叶斯信息准则。 表 4 2021—2035年中国不锈钢产量预测结果(不锈钢产量/万t)
Table 4. Prediction results of stainless steel production in China from 2021 to 2035 (stainless steel production)
年份 拟合值(不锈钢产量) 置信下限** 置信上限** 2021 3126.06 3027.87 3224.25 2022 3383.07 3231.93 3534.2 2023 3646.11 3453.44 3838.78 2024 3919.96 3692.11 4147.81 2025 4205.72 3946.68 4464.75 2026 4503.78 4216.31 4791.26 2027 4814.44 4500.54 5128.33 2028 5137.92 4799.17 5476.67 2029 5474.49 5112.14 5836.84 2030 5824.38 5439.47 6209.3 2031 6187.84 5781.23 6594.45 2032 6565.11 6137.56 6992.65 2033 6956.43 6508.6 7404.26 2034 7362.05 6894.52 7829.58 2035 7782.21 7295.49 8268.93 注:**95%的置信水平。 表 5 2021—2035年中国不锈钢产量预测结果
Table 5. Prediction results of stainless steel production in China from 2021 to 2035
情景 年份 人均不锈钢产量“S”形法 ARIMA(2,2,1)模型法(不锈钢) 不锈钢综合预测结果 人均产量/
(kg/人)产量/
万t人均产量/
(kg/人)产量/万t
(拟合值)人均产量/
(kg/人)产量/
万t高情景方案
(参考高“S”形预测)2020 21.38 3004.79 21.38 3004.79 21.38 3004.79 2021 23.00 3244 25.06 3534.2 22.58 3185 2022 25.20 3564 27.14 3838.78 24.56 3474 2023 27.20 3857 29.25 4147.81 26.46 3751 2024 29.50 4192 31.42 4464.75 28.54 4056 2025 31.50 4484 33.65 4791.26 30.52 4345 2026 33.90 4833 35.97 5128.33 32.74 4669 2027 36.30 5181 38.37 5476.67 35.01 4998 2028 38.45 5493 40.85 5836.84 37.21 5316 2029 40.85 5839 43.44 6209.3 39.57 5657 2030 42.75 6113 46.12 6594.45 41.74 5969 2031 44.20 6320 48.90 6992.65 43.74 6254 2032(1) 45.00 6434 51.79 7404.26 45.46 6499 2033 44.95 6424 54.79 7829.58 44.95 6424 2034 44.75 6391 57.90 8268.93 44.75 6391 2035 44.30 6320 24.77 3534.2 44.30 6320 中情景方案
(参考中“S”形预测,利用了日本
人均不锈钢预测函数)2020 21.38 3004.79 21.38 3004.79 21.38 3004.79 2021 22.80 3215 22.17 3126.06 22.80 3215 2022 25.00 3536 23.92 3383.07 25.00 3536 2023 27.10 3843 25.71 3646.11 27.10 3843 2024 29.30 4164 27.59 3919.96 29.30 4164 2025 30.90 4399 29.54 4205.72 30.90 4399 2026 32.20 4591 31.59 4503.78 32.20 4591 2027 33.50 4782 33.73 4814.44 33.50 4782 2028 34.60 4943 35.96 5137.92 34.60 4943 2029 34.90 4989 38.30 5474.49 34.90 4989 2030(2) 35.00 5005 40.73 5824.38 35.00 5005 2031 34.60 4948 43.27 6187.84 34.60 4948 2032 33.70 4818 45.92 6565.11 33.70 4818 2033 32.80 4687 48.68 6956.43 32.80 4687 2034 31.50 4498 51.55 7362.05 31.50 4498 2035 30.00 4280 54.55 7782.21 30.00 4280 低情景方案
(参考低“S”形预测)2020(3) 21.38 3004.79 21.38 3004.79 21.38 3004.79 2021 21.36 3012 22.92 3231.93 21.36 3012 2022 21.35 3020 24.42 3453.44 21.35 3020 2023 21.34 3026 26.03 3692.11 21.34 3026 2024 21.33 3031 27.78 3946.68 21.33 3031 2025 21.32 3035 29.61 4216.31 21.32 3035 2026 21.22 3025 31.57 4500.54 21.22 3025 2027 21.20 3026 33.62 4799.17 21.20 3026 2028 21.00 3000 35.78 5112.14 21.00 3000 2029 20.88 2985 38.05 5439.47 20.88 2985 2030 20.77 2970 40.43 5781.23 20.77 2970 2031 20.55 2939 42.92 6137.56 20.55 2939 2032 20.35 2909 45.52 6508.6 20.35 2909 2033 20.00 2858 48.25 6894.52 20.00 2858 2034 19.88 2839 51.08 7295.49 19.88 2839 2035 19.55 2789 22.65 3231.93 19.55 2789 注:(1)高情景方案下的峰值点。(2)中情景方案下的峰值点。(3)低情景方案下的峰值点。2020年各指标为实际值。 表 6 2021—2035年中国铬矿供需形势综合分析表
Table 6. Comprehensive analysis of supply and demand situation of chromium ore in China from 2021 to 2035
项目(中情景) 铬预测结果 2021年 2025年 2030年 2035年 铬需求侧 不锈钢需求量(万t) 3215 4399 5005 4280 折铬需求量(万t)∗ 546.55 747.83 850.85 727.60 铬总需求量(万t)∗∗ 607.28 830.92 945.39 807.33 累计铬需求量(万t) 607.28 19157
(2021—2025)43467
(2021—2030)66698
(2021—2035)铬供给侧 矿山铬产量(铬 万t) 4.59 5.72 5.87 4.28 累计矿山铬产量(铬 万t) 4.59 25.87
(2021—2025)55.90
(2021—2030)80.92
(2021—2035)二次铬产量(万t)∗∗∗ 182.18 249.27 283.62 242.20 累计二次铬产量(万t) 182.18 1085.86
(2021—2025)2463.13
(2021—2030)3779.55
(2021—2035)综合 对外依存度(%)(不含二次铬产量) 99.24 99.31 99.38 99.47 对外依存度(%)(含二次铬产量) 69.24 69.31 69.38 69.47 供需缺口(不含二次铬产量) 602.69 825.20 939.52 804.16 供需缺口(含二次产量) 420.51 575.93 655.90 561.63 铬对需求的保障率(%)(不含二次铬产量) 0.76 0.69 0.62 0.53 铬对需求的保障率(%)(含二次铬产量) 30.76 30.69 30.62 30.53 注:∗不锈钢中的含铬量按17%测算;∗∗按铬在不锈钢中消费量占比90%测算;∗∗∗按二次铬产量占铬表观消费量比例的30%测算。需求的保障率=(国内供应量/总需求量)×100%,对外依存度=(1−国内供应量/总需求量)×100%。 -
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