Distribution characteristics and ecological, environmental and biological health effects of lithium in different geological environments
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摘要:
研究目的 人与自然和谐共生的新格局影响着地质生态有机系统研究理念，了解和掌握不同地质环境中锂的分布特征有助于提升锂资源的利用效率，促进发展方式绿色转型。
研究方法 围绕地质工作需求，从整体着眼，通过大量调研、野外采样和理化特性测试分析，运用多学科交叉研究方法，最大程度地反映锂在不同地质环境中的分布特征及生态、环境与生物健康效应。
研究结果 ①阐明了锂在水圈（海洋底部、地下水、河流、湖泊、冰川融水、雪水、雨水）、岩石圈（大陆地壳、岩石、土壤）、大气圈和生物圈中的区域性及多场耦合作用的分布特征，分析了锂在不同地质环境区的时空分布特征和区域性差异。②初步总结了各圈层锂元素庞大而复杂的生物、地质和地球化学过程及时空分布格局的影响因素。③充实完善了锂在陆地生物圈关键层中的分布特征，完善了大型锂资源基地综合评价指标体系，建立了系统化、定量化评价模型，评估了人为活动（采矿）影响下地表水、地下水、土壤、优势生物个体（植物、动物骨骼）锂含量的变化特征，揭示了锂的“关键层”和独特的生态、环境效应，梳理了锂缺乏与过剩的生物健康效应，为关键性矿产资源开发、生态文明建设、保障大型资源基地环境安全提供了科学支撑。
结论 不同地质环境中锂的分布特征及生态、环境效应研究表明，伟晶岩型锂资源开发对生态环境的影响整体安全可控，黏土型、卤水型锂资源清洁、高效的开发利用目前仍有一些关键问题亟待解决。随着锂成因机制理论难题的深入研究、交叉学科应用基础研究以及模拟技术的应用，将使锂元素的迁移转化机制研究取得突破性进展。生理量的锂对健康有益，但生物体内锂过剩会引起一定的副作用甚至毒性反应。因此，有必要持续开展不同类型锂资源的生态环境与生物健康效应的系统研究，为我国关键性矿产资源的安全合理开发及生态文明建设提供理论依据。
Abstract:This paper is the result of environmental geological survey engineering.
Objective The new pattern of harmonious coexistence between humans and nature is influencing the research concept of geological ecological organic systems. Understanding and mastering the distribution characteristics of lithium in different geological environments can help improve the utilization efficiency of lithium resources and promote green transformation of development methods.
Methods Focusing on the needs of geological work, this study analyzed the distribution characteristics, ecological, environmental, and biological health effects of lithium in different geological environments through extensive surveys, field sampling, physical and chemical property testing analysis using interdisciplinary research methods.
Results The regional and multi−field coupling distribution characteristics of lithium in various spheres (hydrosphere: ocean floor, groundwater, rivers, lakes, glacier meltwater, snow water and rain; lithosphere: Continental crusts, rocks and soil; atmosphere and biosphere) were clarified. The spatial−temporal distribution characteristics and regional differences of lithium were analyzed. The influencing factors for complex biological, geological, geochemical processes as well as spatial−temporal patterns for each layer's large amount but complicated elements were preliminarily summarized. The distribution features for key layers with respect to land biosphere was enriched while a comprehensive evaluation index system was improved for large−scale lithium resource bases. A systematic quantitative evaluation model was established to assess changes in lithium concentration on surface water, groundwater, and soil caused under human activities (mining), revealing unique ecological and environmental effects associated with "key layers" along with both lack or excess health effects from lithium.
Conclusions Research on the distribution characteristics and ecological and environmental effects of lithium in different geological environments shows that pegmatite−type lithium resource development has overall safety control over its impact on ecology and environment while there are still some critical issues that need to be resolved regarding clean efficient development and utilization for clay−type and brine−type Lithium resources. With further deepening research into theoretical problems related to lithogenic mechanisms coupled with interdisciplinary basic research applications and simulation technology will make breakthrough progress possible towards understanding migration and transformation mechanisms associated with Lithium elements. While physiological amounts are beneficial to health excessive levels within organisms can cause certain side−effects even toxic reactions so it is necessary to continue conducting systematic studies on eco−environmental and biological health effects across different types and sources of Lithium resources providing theoretical basis support towards safe rational development strategies concerning strategic emerging minerals along with promoting eco−civilization construction efforts within China.
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表 1 锂在不同介质中的含量
Table 1. Concentration of Lithium in different media
介质 Li元素
平均浓度资料来源 介质 Li元素
平均浓度资料来源 地壳 25×10−6 刘英俊，1984 Lena勒拿河 1.33×10−9 Gaillardet et al., 2014 陆壳 32×10−6 长江 3.44×10−9 洋壳 7×10−6 Ganges恒河 3.47×10−9 超基性侵入岩 2×10−6 布拉马普特拉河 2.61×10−9 基性侵入岩 15×10−6~18×10−6 世界河流平均值 1.84×10−9 中性侵入岩 28×10−6 密西西比河 10.00×10−9 酸性侵入岩 30×10−6~55×10−6 漳卫新河（中国） 0.05×10−9 蔡文静等，2013 沉积岩 31.45×10−6 马颊河（中国） 0.03×10−9 火山岩 22.92×10−6 德惠新河（中国） 0.03×10−9 花岗伟晶岩 2700×10−6~6900×10−6 徒骇河（中国） 0.03×10−9 土壤 31×10−6 川西河流平均值 4.02×10−9 高娟琴等，2019 黑色土、森林土、灰化土 56×10−6~100×10−6 泰晤士河 11.20×10−9 Neal et al., 2000 蛇纹岩分解土壤 30×10−6 尼泊尔Indrawati河流 1.53×10−9 Sharma et al., 2015 橄榄辉长岩分解土壤 30×10−6 Lena勒拿河 2.13×10−9 Yoon，2010 安山岩分解土壤 50×10−6 安宁河（中国） 0.5×10−9 本文 花岗岩分解土壤 7×10−6 白河（中国） 0.98×10−9 花岗片麻岩分解土壤 70×10−6 大渡河（中国） 4.75×10−9 石英云母片岩分解土壤 200×10−6 都江堰（中国） 5.72×10−9 页岩分解土壤 60×10−6 额尔齐斯河（中国） 4.68×10−9 砂岩分解土壤 20×10−6 涪江（中国） 2.6×10−9 石英岩分解土壤 15×10−6 赣江（中国） 12.75×10−9 泥炭、潜育土、灰化土上部 20×10−6~80×10−6 贡水（中国） 17.34×10−9 泥炭、潜育土、灰化土下部 150×10−6~200×10−6 嘉陵江（中国） 1.76×10−9 碳质球粒陨石 1.7×10−6 Seitz et al., 2007 金沙江（中国） 47.02×10−9 普通球粒陨石 1.8×10−6 九龙河（中国） 6.45×10−9 甲基卡矿田土壤 3.42×10−6 高娟琴等，2019 喀依特河（中国） 4.34×10−9 风成尘土 17×10−6~41×10−6 Teng et al., 2004;
Liu et al., 2013桑干河（中国） 42.4×10−9 热泉水 (8.2 ± 0.4)×10−6 刘英俊，1984 踏卡河（中国） 3.04×10−9 啦井温泉（中国） 605×10−9 郑亚新等，1988 桃江（中国） 4.28×10−9 新和温泉（中国） 351×10−9 乌伦古河（中国） 14.99×10−9 马登温泉（中国） 246×10−9 寻乌水（中国） 3.77×10−9 武山温泉（中国） 361×10−9 周小龙，2010 雅砻江（中国） 6.79×10−9 明香温泉（中国） 1260×10−9 肖尧等，2016 漳水（中国） 12.06×10−9 金汤湾海水温泉（中国） 1760×10−9 叶实现等，2009 子耳乡河（中国） 8.62×10−9 塘子庙温泉（中国） 671×10−9 申晓伟等，2017 贝加尔湖 2.04×10−9 Gaillardet et al., 2014 杨树沟地热井（中国） 205×10−9 五大连池（中国） 0.01×10−9 贺军等，2012 砬子底下地热井（中国） 274×10−9 湖水 0.085×10−6~0.095×10−6 刘英俊，1984 塘泉沟温泉（中国） 44.4×10−9 蒸发湖 1.2×10−6~8.5×10−6 洪塘寺温泉（中国） 181×10−9 张雪等，2010 人体饮食需要量 60~100 μg/d 秦俊法，2000 从化温泉（中国） 59×10−9 周海燕等，2008 人体正常摄入 200~600 μg/d 日多温泉（中国） 2240×10−9 王祝等，2015 饮用水 50×10−9~70×10−9 茶洛地下水（中国） 4.55×10−9 于沨等，2022 有治疗效果 170~280 mg/d Groleau et al., 1987 北山花岗岩地下水（中国） 11.2×10−9 康明亮等，2010 环境接触 < 2 mg/L 杨师，2000 海水 0.194×10−6 刘英俊，1984 牧草 0.05×10−6~0.15×10−6 刘英俊，1984 河水 (0.023 ± 0.011)×10−6 毛榉树皮及叶子 60×10−6~74×10−6 刘英俊，1984 Selenga塞伦加河（俄罗斯） 3.4×10−9 Gaillardet et al., 2014 谷类、豌豆、菜豆 低 秦俊法，2000 Upper Angara上安加拉河 1.09×10−9 蛋类、奶类 含量丰富 Barguzin巴尔古津河 1.77×10−9 肉类、鱼类、土豆、蔬菜 含量平均 Mackenzie马更些河（加拿大） 4.6×10−9 饮料 较高 Indin River（加拿大） 0.91×10−9 叶菜类、根菜类、水果 较高 杨师，2000 Upper Yukon育空河（加拿大） 0.64×10−9 甲基卡锂矿植物根系 4.24×10−6 高娟琴等，2019 Skeena斯基纳河（加拿大） 0.35×10−9 Gaillardet et al., 2014 甲基卡锂矿植物茎叶 3.42×10−6 高娟琴等，2019 Fraser River弗雷泽河（加拿大） 1.05×10−9 野菊花 (18.35±0.86)×10−6 李增禧等，2013
a, b, c, dColumbia River哥伦比亚河 1.46×10−9 金银花 (12.01±2.61)×10−6 Amazon 亚马逊河 0.91×10−9 连翘 (24.6±3.25)×10−6 Solimoes索利默伊斯河 1.02×10−9 羌活 4.00×10−6 Madeira马代拉河 1.18×10−9 邹花细辛 3.60×10−6 Trompetas特龙佩塔斯河 0.41×10−9 防风 2.75×10−6 Orinoco奥里诺科河 0.32×10−9 茶叶 0.08×10−6~0.45×10−6 Caroni卡罗尼河 0.16×10−9 全球平均植物 0.2×10−6 Pickett et al., 1992 
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表 2 岩脉本身污染性元素综合污染指数评价结果
Table 2. Evaluation result of integration pollution index of polluting element in dike
Cr/10−6 Cd/10−6 Pb/10−6 As/10−6 平均值 18.65 3.34 32.22 6.09 管制值 1000 3 700 120 单污染指数 0.02 1.11 0.05 0.05 综合污染指数
及污染水平0.82 清洁
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