Characteristics of clay minerals in oasis farmland soil and their effects on adsorption of soil nutrients and heavy metal: A case study of the oasis area in the Kaikong river basin, Xinjiang
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摘要:
研究目的 黏土矿物对土壤质量起重要调控作用，查明干旱绿洲区农田土壤黏土矿物特征，对绿洲区土壤质量调控及农业发展具有重要意义。
研究方法 以新疆巴音郭楞州开都河—孔雀河流域干旱绿洲区农田土壤为研究对象，通过 X−射线衍射图谱分析、相关性分析、三角图及风化指数分析等方法对该区黏土矿物组成特征与物源演化、成土气候条件及其对土壤质量的影响进行探究。
研究结果 研究区黏土矿物类型主要为2∶1型伊利石、伊/蒙混层矿物和绿泥石，含少量的高岭石，黏土矿物的物源为花岗岩，演变规律为伊利石→伊/蒙混层矿物→绿泥石、高岭石；研究区伊利石结晶度IC值为0.35~0.62，均值0.44，化学蚀变指数CIA值为51.29%~62.57%，均值为58.24%，成分变异指数ICV值为1.09~3.69，均值2.65，上述指标反映该区低温、干旱及风化作用程度较弱的成土期环境；研究区土壤黏土矿物总量与土壤养分、重金属元素呈现正相关关系。
结论 开都河—孔雀河流域绿洲区黏土矿物组合类型为伊利石−伊/蒙混层矿物−绿泥石型；绿洲区农田土壤黏土矿物能够通过吸附作用提升土壤养分元素水平、固定土壤重金属降低其农业风险，从而提高土壤质量。
Abstract:This paper is the result of environmental geological survey engineering.
Objective Clay minerals play a crucial role in soil quality regulation. Identifying the clay mineral characteristics of farmland soil in arid oasis areas is of great significance to soil quality control and agricultural development.
Methods This study focused on the farmland soil in the arid oasis area of the Kaidu−Kongque River Basin, Bayingolin Mongolian Autonomous Prefecture, Xinjiang, and explored the characteristics of clay minerals composition, provenance evolution, soil−forming climatic conditions and their influence on soil quality through systematic analysis methods including X−ray diffraction pattern analysis, correlation analysis, triangular diagram analysis and weathering index analysis.
Results The dominant clay mineral types in the study area are 2:1 illite, illite/smectite mixed−layer minerals, and chlorite, with a minor presence of kaolinite. The evolution sequence of the clay minerals, which originate from granite, is illite→illite/smectite mixed−layer mineral→chlorite and kaolinite. The illite crystallinity (IC value) ranges from 0.35 to 0.62, with an average of 0.44. The chemical alteration index (CIA value) ranges from 51.29% to 62.57%, averaging 58.24%. The compositional variation index (ICV value) ranges from 1.09 to 3.69, averaging 2.65. These indicators suggest a pedogenesis environment with low temperatures, aridity, and relatively weak weathering intensity. The total clay mineral content in the study area shows a positive correlation with soil nutrients and heavy metal elements.
Conclusions The clay minerals assemblage in the oasis area of the Kaidu−Kongque River Basin is of the illite−illite/smectite mixed−layer mineral−chlorite type. Clay minerals play a significant role in enhancing soil nutrient levels and immobilizing heavy metal elements through adsorption, thereby improving soil quality.
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表 1 元素测试方法及检出限
Table 1. Element testing methods and detection limits
元素指标 单位 技术方法 规范规定检出限DL* 测试检出限 N mg/kg 凯氏法 20 19.580 SOM % 容量法 0.1 0.063 AK mg/kg ICP−AES 1.25 1.00 AP mg/kg ICP−AES 0.25 0.20 Cu mg/kg ICP−OES 1 0.952 Pb mg/kg ICP−OES 2 0.650 Ni mg/kg ICP−OES 2 0.744 Zn mg/kg ICP−OES 4 0.644 As mg/kg AFS 1 0.112 Cd mg/kg ICP−OES 0.03 0.002 pH 无量纲 电位法 0.10** 0.03 SiO2 % XRF 0.1 0.05 K2O % XRF 0.05 0.0008 Fe2O3 % XRF 0.05 0.03 CaO % XRF 0.05 0.03 MgO % XRF 0.05 0.03 Al2O3 % XRF 0.05 0.03 MnO % XRF 0.1 0.05 P2O5 % XRF 0.1 0.05 TiO2 % XRF 0.1 0.05 注：*《多目标区域地球化学调查规范》（DZ/T 0258—2014）；**为无量纲。 
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表 2 标准物质分析单次测定控制限
Table 2. Single determination control limit for standard substance analysis
含量范围 准确度 精密度 ΔlgC(GBW)= |lgCi−lgCs| $ \lambda =\sqrt{\dfrac{{\displaystyle \sum _{i=1}^{\text{n}}（\mathrm{lg}{C}_{i}-\mathrm{lg}{C}_{s}{)}^{2}}}{4-1}} $ 检出限三倍以内 ≤0.12 0.17 检出限三倍以上 ≤0.10 0.15 1%~5% ≤0.07 0.10 ＞5% ≤0.05 0.08 注：Ci为每个GWB标准物质12次实测值的平均值；Cs为GWB标准物质的标准值。
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表 3 研究区土壤元素含量
Table 3. Soil element content in the study area
元素 样本数/个 均值 新疆土壤背景值 全国土壤背景值 富集系数K1 富集系数K2 N 85 947 680 1117 1.39 0.85 AP 85 19.6 17.9 27.4 1.09 0.72 AK 85 170.4 170.6 127.0 1.00 1.34 SOM 85 1.75 1.46 2.46 1.20 0.71 Ni 49 22.7 24.8 26.0 0.91 0.87 Cu 85 22.71 23.7 23.0 0.96 0.99 Pb 85 19.0 19.3 25.0 0.98 0.76 Zn 85 68.8 68.0 67.0 1.01 1.03 As 35 10.51 10.9 9.1 0.96 1.15 Cd 35 0.17 0.16 0.15 1.06 1.13 注：全国土壤基准值、新疆背景值引自《中国土壤地球化学参数》（侯青叶等，2020）。SOM单位为%，其他为mg/kg；K1=均值/新疆土壤背景值，K2=均值/全国土壤背景值。
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表 4 土壤主要氧化物含量（%）及化学参数
Table 4. Soil main oxide content (%) and chemical parameters
SiO2 Al2O3 Fe2O3 CaO MgO K2O Na2O P2O5 MnO TiO2 pH Sa CIA ICV 样本数 85 85 85 85 85 85 85 85 85 85 85 85 85 85 最大值 64.5 14.66 5.99 17.43 7.46 3.35 2.75 0.64 0.1 0.73 9.19 9.7 62.57 3.69 最小值 38.78 7.96 2.46 6.18 1.54 1.70 1.17 0.088 0.052 0.35 8 5.44 51.29 1.09 均值 51.61 10.91 3.81 11.13 4.24 2.31 1.74 0.19 0.074 0.48 8.56 7.98 57.11 1.88 标准差 5.55 1.14 0.61 2.22 1.41 0.24 0.31 0.072 0.0078 0.056 0.29 0.89 2.23 0.47 变异系数 0.11 0.10 0.16 0.20 0.33 0.10 0.18 0.18 0.11 0.12 0.034 0.11 0.039 0.25 注：Sa=(SiO2/Al2O3); CIA=([Al2O3/ (Al2O3+CaO* +Na2O+K2O)] ×100); ICV=((Fe2O3 +MgO+CaO*+Na2O+K2O+MnO+TiO2) / Al2O3), CaO*为硅酸盐中CaO的摩尔含量。
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表 5 研究区土壤黏土矿物含量（%）
Table 5. Soil clay mineral content in the study area (%)
样本数/个 黏土矿物
总量伊利石 伊/蒙混层
矿物绿泥石 高岭石 最大值 85 30.1 62 63 21 9 最小值 5.2 23 15 7 3 均值 17.2 36.8 45.1 12.8 5.5 标准差 4.84 7.33 8.05 1.41 1.41 变异系数 0.28 0.20 0.18 0.11 0.26 注：黏土矿物总量为黏土矿物在土壤中的百分比，各类型黏土矿物含量为各自在黏土矿物总量中的百分比。
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表 6 黏土矿物相关性分析
Table 6. Correlation analysis of clay minerals
伊利石 伊/蒙混层矿物 绿泥石 高岭石 样本数 伊利石 1 85 伊/蒙混层矿物 −0.904** 1 绿泥石 −0.007 −0.296** 1 高岭石 −0.014 −0.385** 0.461** 1 注：**表示 0. 01 水平下相关性显著。
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表 7 黏土矿物与土壤元素的相关性分析
Table 7. Correlation analysis of clay minerals with soil elements
元素分类 元素 黏土矿物总量 伊利石 伊/蒙混层矿物 高岭石 绿泥石 养分元素 N 0.530** −0.418 0.483** −0.152 −0.258 AP 0.215* −0.027 0.055 −0.189 −0.028 AK 0.355** −0.314 0.393** −0.088 −0.293 SOM 0.424** −0.403 0.481** −0.077 −0.320 重金属元素 Ni 0.664** −0.343 0.288* 0.246 0.031 Cu 0.765** −0.191 0.173 −0.122 0.032 Pb 0.501** −0.081 0.060 −0.180 0.144 As 0.491** −0.016 −0.158 −0.146 0.246 Cd 0.501** −0.081 0.092 0.055 −0.089 Zn 0.666** −0.169 0.193 −0.146 −0.077 注：**和*分别表示0.01水平和0.05水平下显著。
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