Distribution, origin, industrial application status and prospecting prospect of gypsum in China
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摘要:
研究目的 石膏是中国储量大且分布广的优势非金属矿产之一，其应用十分广泛。总结分析中国石膏的分布、成因、应用以及找矿前景对于石膏的可持续利用具有重要意义。
研究方法 本文从石膏矿床类型、时空分布、应用等方面入手，总结前人的研究成果以及收集相关资料，系统梳理了中国石膏的资源储量和矿山产量，提供了寻找新的石膏矿床的背景知识。
研究结果 2022年中国石膏资源保有储量为17.58亿t，安徽省保有储量最多，矿床类型为沉积型、后生型和热液型石膏、硬石膏矿床，其中以沉积型矿床为主。中国石膏资源主要用于建材、工业、农业以及医学等行业。对石膏的再生利用，有利于缓解中国石膏资源紧张的局面。但是在利用工业副产石膏时产生的问题也不容忽视，所以也要注重天然石膏的开发、利用与保护。
结论 石膏矿床形成主要受到气候、物源和构造的控制，封闭、半封闭的盆地，干旱、半干旱的气候条件以及充足的物质促进了石膏矿床的形成。祁连成矿带、天山—北山成矿带、西昆仑—阿尔金成矿带和长江中下游成矿带是中国石膏重要的成矿远景区。
Abstract:This paper is the result of mineral exploration engineering.
Objective Gypsum is one of the dominant nonmetallic minerals with large reserves and wide distribution in China, and its application is very wide. It is significant to summarize and analyse the distribution, source, application and prospect of Chinese gypsum for sustainable use.
Methods Starting from the types, temporal and spatial distribution and application of gypsum deposits, this paper summarizes the previous research results and collects relevant data, systematically combs the resource reserves and mine output of gypsum in China, and provides the background knowledge for searching for new gypsum deposits.
Results In 2022, the retained reserves of gypsum resources in China will be 1.758 billion tons, with the largest reserves in Anhui Province. The deposit types are sedimentary, epigenetic and hydrothermal gypsum and anhydrite deposits, among which sedimentary deposits are the main ones. China's gypsum resources are mainly used in building materials, industry, agriculture and medical industries. The regeneration and utilization of gypsum can help alleviate the tense situation of gypsum resources in our country. However, the problems caused by the use of industrial by−product gypsum can not be ignored, so we should also pay attention to the development, utilization and protection of natural gypsum.
Conclusions The formation of gypsum deposits is mainly controlled by climate, provenance and structure. Closed and semi-closed basins, arid and semi-arid climatic conditions and sufficient materials promote the formation of gypsum deposits. Qilian metallogenic belt, Tianshan−Beishan metallogenic belt, West Kunlun Altun metallogenic belt and middle and lower Yangtze metallogenic belt are important metallogenic prospect areas of gypsum in China.
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图 5 海相台地蒸发岩、盆地蒸发岩成因示意图（据文华国等, 2021）
Figure 5.
图 6 蒸发岩分布类型（据Schmalz, 1969）
Figure 6.
图 9 热液型石膏成因模式图（据Bain, 1990）
Figure 9.
图 10 程潮矿区典型地质剖面图（据宋许根等, 2018）
Figure 10.
表 1 中国各省石膏矿床数量及资源总量统计（据自然资源部）
Table 1. Statistics of the quantity and total resources of gypsum deposits in China (after the Ministry of Natural Resources)
地区 主要地域 特大型 大型 中型 小型 总计 保有资源储量/亿t 资源储量占比/% 全国 35 217 173 537 962 17.58 华北地区 河北 0 9 7 16 32 1.16 6.59 山西 0 5 7 42 54 0.14 0.79 内蒙古 0 9 8 26 43 0.08 0.45 总计 0 23 22 84 129 1.38 7.8 东北地区 辽宁 0 2 2 3 7 0.19 1.08 吉林 1 0 5 28 34 0.08 0.45 总计 1 2 7 31 41 0.27 1.53 华东地区 江苏 1 15 5 1 22 安徽 2 24 9 8 43 3.59 20.42 江西 0 1 3 14 18 0.06 0.34 山东 12 29 23 40 104 2.57 14.61 总计 15 69 40 63 187 6.22 35.38 中南地区 河南 1 2 1 7 11 0.07 0.39 湖北 6 24 31 34 95 1.56 8.87 湖南 1 19 12 69 101 0.95 5.4 广西 2 2 0 10 14 0.04 0.22 广东 0 5 6 3 14 0.01 0.05 总计 10 52 50 123 235 2.63 14.96 西南地区 重庆 1 1 0 7 9 0.14 0.79 四川 0 12 4 45 61 1.81 10.29 贵州 1 3 2 14 20 云南 2 9 2 15 28 1.65 9.38 总计 4 25 8 81 118 3.6 20.47 西北地区 陕西 1 2 1 6 10 0.76 4.32 甘肃 1 7 16 25 49 0.33 1.87 青海 0 10 10 21 41 宁夏 1 13 8 43 65 1.27 7.22 新疆 2 14 11 60 87 1.11 6.31 总计 5 46 46 155 252 3.47 17.58 
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表 2 中国已统计的石膏矿床类型数量（据全国矿产地数据库）
Table 2. The number of gypsum deposit types in China (after the National Mineral Resources Database)
地区 沉积型/个 后生型/个 热液型/个 河北 15 2 山西 10 3 内蒙古 20 辽宁 3 吉林 21 江苏 17 安徽 29 12 江西 14 1 山东 61 1 河南 5 1 湖北 27 1 12 湖南 33 5 广西 6 6 广东 13 重庆 6 1 四川 19 1 贵州 13 3 云南 28 2 陕西 3 甘肃 32 1 青海 30 2 宁夏 35 新疆 55 4 全国总计 495 19 39 占比/% 89.5 3.4 7.1
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表 3 中国部分特大型、大型石膏矿（据董斌, 1990; 刘晓等, 2020）
Table 3. Some extra-large and large gypsum mines in China (after Dong Bin, 1990; Liu Xiao et al., 2020)
类型 矿床名称 产地 规模 时代 海相沉积 辛集石膏矿 河南省鲁山县 特大型 早寒武世 瓦刀子石膏矿 陕西省西乡县 特大型 早三叠世 河南省袁家庄石膏矿床 河南省汝州市 特大型 早寒武统 小南海—李家庄石膏矿 河南省安阳县 大型 中奥陶世 邵阳县常乐石膏矿 湖南省邵阳县 大型 早石炭世 小红山石膏矿 宁夏回族自治区中卫市 大型 早石炭世 东京陵石膏矿 辽宁省辽宁市 大型 早寒武世 阿其克石膏矿 新疆维吾尔自治区洛浦县 大型 早二叠世 湖湘沉积 麻城铺石膏矿 湖北省荆门市 特大型 晚白垩世 新城石膏矿 甘肃省临潭县 大型 古近纪 安棚石膏矿 河南省桐柏县 大型 古近纪 盛家滩石膏矿 湖北省应城市 大型 古近纪 上五通石膏矿床 湖南省石门县 大型 古近纪 鲁家沟石膏矿床 甘肃省天祝县 大型 早石炭世 后河石膏矿 湖北省利川市 大型 早三叠世 北山寺—泮子山石膏矿 青海省西宁市 大型 古近纪 八里张石膏矿 安徽省定远县 大型 古近纪 邹庄石膏矿 江苏省邳州市 大型 古近纪
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表 4 东京陵石膏矿床地质特征（据张连强和张欢, 2018）
Table 4. Geological characteristics of Tokioling Gypsum Deposit (after Zhang Lianqiang and Zhang Huan, 2018)
石膏层位 产出层位 矿石类型 形态 岩性 矿物成分 平均品位 顶板 底板 硬石膏 石膏 Ⅰ(Ⅰ1+Ⅰ2+Ⅰ3) ∈1m 硬石膏型 稳定层状 砖红色白云质泥岩 紫红色泥白云岩 >95% 7.16% 68.41% Ⅳ(Ⅳ1+Ⅳ2) ∈1m 较稳定层状 砖红色白云质泥岩 含膏白云岩 4.5% 64.37% Ⅴ ∈1j 稳定层状 石灰岩中 2.3% 89.67% 注：东京陵石膏矿床勘查显示Ⅱ、Ⅲ膏层不具工业意义。
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表 5 云应地区同后生沉积纤维石膏层脉矿床成因（据方明等, 2022）
Table 5. Genetics of synepigenetic sedimentary fibrous gypsum vein deposit in Yunying area (after Fang Ming et al., 2022)
层位 岩性 物质来源及基础 成矿机理 E2b古近系始新统白沙口组 赭红色灰质黏土质粉砂岩、细砂岩为主，其中夹有较多团块状泥质石膏，向下逐步变为成分单一的砂岩、含砾砂岩 蓝灰色含石膏岩石与泥岩呈复薄层，与中—厚层赭色泥质粉砂岩互层，存在能干性差异成矿空间与矿液运移：位态调整、盆地不均衡沉降重力调整产生层脉为主的成矿空间，地压使原生沉积物脱（卤）水上移，承压埋藏卤水参与层间裂隙的生成并结晶成脉 含云质、灰质黏土矿物的分子筛作用，使承压埋藏卤水中的Na+、K+及Cl–等小半径离子流失，Mg2+、CO32–先期在通道（穿层裂隙或网脉）中结晶，Ca2+、SO42–等大离子在层间裂隙中结晶 E2g1-1 古近系始新统膏盐组下含硬石膏岩段下含矿层 赭红色泥质–细碎屑岩与灰（蓝）色灰云膏粉砂质泥岩不等厚互层，发育纤维石膏层75~156层 E2g1-2 古近系始新统膏盐组下含硬石膏岩段红层 厚层赭红色泥质粉砂岩为主，少量的细砂岩、泥岩 E2g1-3 古近系始新统膏盐组下含硬石膏岩段上含矿层 赭红色泥质–细碎屑岩与灰（蓝）色灰云膏粉砂质泥岩不等厚互层，发育纤维石膏层64~136层 E2g2 古近系始新统膏盐组下含钙芒硝岩段 中—厚层赭红色含砾泥质粉砂岩为主夹有细砂岩，夹灰（蓝）色薄—纹层泥质粉砂岩及团块状、星点状泥质石膏
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表 6 石膏主要用途（据李逸晨, 2019）
Table 6. Main uses of gypsum (after Li Yichen, 2019)
应用领域 主要用途 建材工业 水泥添加剂 制造水泥 作为添加剂或活性激发剂 胶凝材料 石膏及复合胶凝材料 建筑制品 石膏隔墙板复合内板、墙体砌块、空心条板、石膏砖 装饰石膏板、装饰制品、石膏陶瓷制品 墙体覆面板、天花板 粉刷石膏、自流平地面石膏、粘结石膏 石膏刮墙腻子、石膏嵌缝腻子 建筑卫生陶瓷模具 化学工业 硫酸联产水泥、油漆腻子及填充料、硫酸氨化肥 农业 水稻施肥、改良盐碱土 工业模具 齿科用超硬石膏 精密制造模具、金银饰品及铝合金模具 飞机、汽车、机床工业中高标准的模具 日用陶瓷模具、高级卫生陶瓷模具 医药 石膏固定装置 中药 艺术模型 建筑艺术中装饰工艺 其他 填料、日用化工、轻工食品工业、饲料添加剂
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表 7 中国石膏产业主要企业产能
Table 7. Production capacity of major enterprises in Chinese gypsum industry
企业 产品种类 产能 贵州磷化集团（开迪绿色建筑材料有限公司） 无水石膏 30万t/年 北新建材 石膏板 28.24亿m2/年 东方雨虹 抹灰石击、自流平石膏、嵌缝石膏等 3万t/年 德国必优集团（山东泰阳建材有限公司） 轻质抹灰石音 20万t/年 宁国恒基伟业建材有限公司 纸面石膏板 4000万m2/年 圣戈班石膏建材（上海）有限公司 石膏粉 145万t/年 云南镟淦科技有限公司 β半水石膏粉 70万t/年 石膏砂浆 40万t/年 石膏砌块 50万m2/年 石膏条板 50万m2/年 瓮福紫金公司 石膏粉 20万t/年 聚义集团（晋宝灵石膏制制品有限公司） 天然石膏粉 30万t/年 泰山石膏有限公司 纸面石膏板 20亿m2/年 三泰控股 磷石膏 200万t/年
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