Monitoring the spatio–temporal dynamics of desertification in Huade County, Inner Mongolia based on Albedo–NDVI feature space
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摘要:
研究目的 土地荒漠化是一个全球性的环境问题，每年给全世界造成巨大的环境破坏和经济损失。干旱—半干旱地区多易发生荒漠化。内蒙古中部地区作为中国北方干旱和半干旱地区的代表，其土地荒漠化的问题具有典型性和紧迫性。因此，对该地区开展荒漠化的动态监测、分析荒漠化发展变化的驱动因素尤为重要。
研究方法 以10年作为时间间隔，以1990—2020年化德县四期Landsat系列卫星影像为数据源，提取NDVI和Albedo数据，构建Albedo–NDVI特征空间，分析了化德地区土地的荒漠化程度、分布特征和演变规律。通过收集分析相关数据变化趋势，进一步分析了荒漠化演化的驱动因素。
研究结果 在构建的Albedo–NDVI特征空间中，干边散点拟合的线性模型显示NDVI和Albedo的相关性较高，由其拟合计算得出的DDI指数对于评价化德县荒漠化程度效果较好。化德县1990—2020年间，荒漠化发展变化趋势分为2个阶段：1990—2010年为荒漠化程度总体加剧的阶段，2010—2020年为荒漠化程度总体改善的阶段。研究区1990—2020年荒漠化程度加剧的面积大于改善的面积；荒漠化加剧主要分布在居住密集区以及牧场附近，荒漠化得到改善的区域主要分布在季节性淖尔附近。化德县荒漠化发展变化的驱动因素主要包括：自然因素、人为因素和政策因素。
结论 由Albedo–NDVI特征空间拟合计算得出的DDI指数对于评价化德县荒漠化程度效果较好，能够有效分析荒漠化的时空变化、演化趋势。2010—2020年在一系列生态环境保护、荒漠化治理与植被恢复的政策下，研究区荒漠化情况有了一定的改善。
Abstract:This paper is the result of environmental geological survey engineering.
Objective Land desertification is a global environmental problem, causing huge environmental damage and economic losses to the world every year. Arid and semi-arid areas are prone to desertification. As a representative of arid and semi-arid areas in northern China, the problem of land desertification in the central region of Inner Mongolia is typical and urgent. Therefore, it is particularly important to carry out dynamic monitoring of desertification in the region and analyze the driving factors of desertification development and change.
Methods This paper took 10 years as the time interval, used four Landsat series satellite images of Huade County from 1990 to 2020 as the data source, extracted NDVI and Albedo data, constructed Albedo–NDVI feature space, and analyzed the desertification degree, distribution characteristics and evolution law of land in Huade area. The driving factors of desertification evolution were further analyzed by collecting and analyzing the change trend of relevant data.
Results The linear model by fitting with the dry edge scatter points in the Albedo–NDVI feature space constructed in this study shows that the correlation between NDVI and Albedo is high, and the DDI index calculated by its fitting is better for evaluating the degree of desertification in Huade County. From 1990 to 2020, the development trend of desertification in Huade County have been divided into two stages: 1990–2010 is the stage of overall aggravation of desertification, and 2010–2020 is the stage of overall improvement of desertification. From 1990 to 2020, the area of increased desertification in the study area was greater than the area of improvement; the aggravation of desertification is mainly distributed in densely populated areas and near pastures, and the areas where desertification is improved are mainly distributed near seasonal nur. The driving factors of desertification development and change in Huade County mainly include: natural factors, human factors and policy factors.
Conclusions The DDI index calculated by Albedo–NDVI feature space fitting has a good effect on evaluating the degree of desertification in Huade County, and can effectively analyze the spatial and temporal changes and evolution trends of desertification. From 2010 to 2020, under a series of policies of ecological environment protection, desertification control and vegetation restoration, the desertification situation in the study area has improved to a certain extent.
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Key words:
- desertification /
- NDVI /
- Albedo /
- impact factors /
- environmental geological survey engineering /
- Huade County /
- Inner Mongolia
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图 2 Albedo–NDVI特征空间示意图（曾永年等, 2006）
Figure 2.
表 1 遥感数据基本信息
Table 1. Basic information of remote sensing data
影像编号 传感器类型 行 列 成像时间 云量 大小(M) 1 LT51250311990243BJC02 Landsat5 TM 125 31 1990/8/31 0 625 2 LT51250312000207BJC00 Landsat5 TM 125 31 2000/7/25 0 567 3 LT51250312010186IKR00 Landsat5 TM 125 31 2010/7/5 0 816 4 LO81250312020166BJC00 Landsat8 OLI 125 31 2020/6/14 0.19% 1550 注：影像数据均来源于地理空间数据云，数据下载地址为： https://www.gscloud.cn 。
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表 2 荒漠化程度与DDI值的关系
Table 2. DDI value for different desertification level
类别 1990年 2000年 2010年 2020年 非荒漠化 ≥1.347 ≥1.823 ≥0.550 ≥0.308 轻度荒漠化 0.978~1.347 1.373~1.823 0.251~0.550 0.051~0.308 中度荒漠化 0.673~0.978 0.971~1.373 0.055~0.251 −0.090~0.051 重度荒漠化 0.330~0.673 0.597~0.971 −0.110~0.051 −0.231~−0.090 极重度荒漠化 ≤0.330 ≤0.597 ≤−0.110 ≤−0.231
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表 3 1990—2000年化德县荒漠化类型面积变化（km2）
Table 3. Changes in the area of desertification types in Huade County from 1990 to 2000 (km2)
荒漠化程度 极重度 重度 中度 轻度 未荒漠化 水体 极重度+重度荒漠化 荒漠化总面积 1990年 面积 243.96 630.74 764.55 619.41 258.38 19.01 874.70 2258.66 2000年 408.76 754.99 641.15 497.35 227.47 6.33 1163.75 2302.25 2010年 687.22 927.44 613.00 257.57 47.18 3.64 1614.66 2485.23 2020年 301.07 836.51 871.53 465.30 53.66 7.98 1137.58 2474.41 1990—2000年 变化值 164.80 124.25 −123.40 −122.06 −30.91 −12.67 年变化率/% 6.76% 1.97% −1.61% −1.97% −1.20% −6.67% 2000—2010年 变化值 278.46 172.45 −28.15 −239.78 −180.29 −2.71 年变化率/% 6.81% 2.28% −0.44% −4.82% −7.93% −4.28% 2010—2020年 变化值 −386.15 −90.93 258.53 207.73 6.48 4.36 年变化率/% −5.62% −0.98% 4.22% 8.06% 1.37% 12.04%
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表 4 1990—2000年化德县荒漠化土地变化转移矩阵（km2）
Table 4. Transition matrix of desertification land in Huade County from 1990 to 2000 (km2)
2000年 极重度荒漠化 重度荒漠化 中度荒漠化 轻度荒漠化 未荒漠化 转出 总计 1990年 极重度荒漠化 107.28 73.32 41.00 16.94 5.14 136.40 243.68 重度荒漠化 184.49 232.31 130.83 65.76 17.30 398.38 630.69 中度荒漠化 91.13 291.71 215.58 127.99 37.98 548.82 764.40 轻度荒漠化 18.35 139.53 200.05 183.42 77.93 435.85 619.27 未荒漠化 2.46 15.40 51.61 101.48 87.40 170.96 258.36 转入 296.44 519.96 423.48 312.17 138.36 总计 403.72 752.27 639.06 495.60 225.75 2010年 极重度荒漠化 重度荒漠化 中度荒漠化 轻度荒漠化 未荒漠化 转出 总计 2000年 极重度荒漠化 283.78 106.33 16.14 1.72 0.13 124.32 408.10 重度荒漠化 263.82 370.33 105.65 14.08 0.85 384.40 754.73 中度荒漠化 92.51 259.37 209.92 73.25 5.97 431.10 641.02 轻度荒漠化 33.14 136.53 198.47 111.06 18.05 386.19 497.25 未荒漠化 12.09 53.45 82.30 57.35 22.15 205.19 227.34 转入 401.56 555.68 402.56 146.40 25.00 总计 685.34 926.01 612.48 257.46 47.15 2020年 极重度荒漠化 重度荒漠化 中度荒漠化 轻度荒漠化 未荒漠化 转出 总计 2010年 极重度荒漠化 172.24 339.05 152.20 20.33 0.74 512.32 684.56 重度荒漠化 80.51 282.83 394.03 163.52 4.32 642.38 925.21 中度荒漠化 36.90 146.57 219.85 194.82 13.99 392.28 612.13 轻度荒漠化 9.52 59.62 93.42 76.62 18.08 180.64 257.26 未荒漠化 1.35 7.96 11.32 9.93 16.46 30.56 47.02 转入 128.28 553.20 650.97 388.60 37.13 总计 300.52 836.03 870.82 465.22 53.59
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表 5 气候因素与人为因素指标数据
Table 5. Climate factors and human factors index data
年份 母序列 子序列 ADI 平均温
度/℃平均相对
湿度/%平均风
速/(m/s)年均降
水量/mm人口数 人口密度/
（人/km2）粮食播种
面积/hm2粮食
产量/t1990年 2.34 3.78 54.22 3.39 300.00 159357 63 40393 6.11 2000年 2.77 3.00 58.00 3.60 410.10 123535 49 35361 4.54 2010年 2.24 3.00 59.00 3.10 301.00 160000 62 45327 8.70 2020年 1.98 3.00 57.00 3.60 402.50 153949 61 52153 6.60
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表 6 各因子与区域荒漠化指数（ADI）的关联系数
Table 6. The correlation coefficient between each factor and regional desertification index (ADI)
年份 平均温
度/℃平均相对
湿度/%平均风
速/(m/s)年均降
水量/mm人口数 人口密度/
（人/km2）粮食播种
面积/hm2粮食产
量/t1990年 0.6017 0.8641 1.0000 0.6433 0.8255 0.8141 0.8154 0.8399 2000年 0.5193 0.6165 0.6739 0.9443 0.4236 0.4280 0.4158 0.3494 2010年 0.9596 0.8076 0.8532 0.7227 0.7205 0.7568 0.7769 0.4099 2020年 0.7656 0.6488 0.5720 0.4787 0.5990 0.5900 0.4265 0.6200
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