On research methodology for deformation history of tectonic lithofacies in sedimentary basin and their application
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摘要:
基于（非）金属矿产-铀-煤-油气资源同盆共存，盆内构造岩相变形史与成藏成矿事件的耦合结构一直是科学难题。在构造岩相学填图和构造岩相变形史研究基础上，将沉积盆地构造岩相变形史划分为前盆地期、成盆期、盆地反转期、盆地构造变形改造期、盆内岩浆叠加期和盆地表生变化期6个演化期。研究发现，采用构造岩相学填图创新方法，可有效圈定沉积盆地内同生构造样式与构造组合。在火山岩区采用次火山岩侵入、火山隐爆-侵出、火山爆发-喷发等12个相系进行构造岩相填图，有助于有效圈定火山机构中心、火山热液成岩成矿中心和火山热水沉积成岩成矿中心的位置。盆-山-原转换构造岩相带是流体大规模运移和储集构造岩相带，也是（非）金属矿-铀-煤-油气资源同盆共存富集成藏成矿的有利构造岩相带；前陆盆地、山间盆地和后陆盆地具有不同的变形构造组合；构造岩相学研究和填图有助于研究沉积盆地变形期内古热储构造、冠羽状垂向热流柱构造、煤系烃（矿）源岩生排烃成藏成矿事件序列等问题。壳源岩浆、幔-壳混源岩浆、幔源岩浆在盆地岩浆叠加期，形成了相应的岩浆叠加构造样式和岩浆叠加成岩相系。在盆内岩浆底拱侵位形成的穹状不对称复式褶皱系统内，发育了强烈的岩浆-构造-岩性-热流体四重耦合结构，形成了与盆内岩浆再造-叠加成岩成矿有关的电气石热流柱构造，以底拱旋转断褶带、电气石和白云母蚀变相系为特征。与盆内岩浆-改造作用有关的富CO2型热流柱构造，表现为热启断裂组和铁锰碳酸盐矿物垂向分带，并与菱铁矿矽卡岩相→矽卡岩化大理岩相→铁锰碳酸盐化大理岩相→大理岩化结晶灰岩垂向分带相共生。
Abstract:The coupling pattern between the deformation history of tectonic lithofacies and the sequence of ore (reservoir)-forming in the basin remain as an unsettled scientific issue, for (non-) metals, uranium, coal, oil and gas resources being hosted in the same sedimentary basin. On the basis of tectonic lithofacies mapping and tectonic lithofacies deformation history study, the deformation history of tectonic lithofacies can be classified into six stages: pre-basin formation, basin formation, basin inversion, basin deformation, basin-in magmatic superimposition, and basin supergene. The main results are as follows. Firstly, patterns and combination of snygenetic structure in the basin can be delineated by innovative approach of tectonic lithofacies mapping. The tectonic lithofacies mapping of 12 lithofacies series of cryptovolcanic rock intrusion, volcanic cyptoexplosion-intrusion and volcanic explosion-eruption in the volcanic area helps to delineate the central parts of volcanic edifice, diagenesis and mineralization of volcanic hydrothermal fluid, and sedimentation of volcanic hydrothermal vent. Secondly, the transitional tectofacies zone of basin-mountain-plateau is a tectonic lithofacies zone for fluid migration and storage on a large scale, and also a favorable tectonic lithofacies belt for (non-) metals-uranium-coal-oil and gas resources hosted in the same basin. Foreland basin, intermountain basin, and hinterland basin have different styles of deformation tectonics. The study of tectonic lithofacies and mapping contributes to understand the paleo-geothermal reservoir, the series of reservoir-forming and ore-forming events for the hydrocarbon generation and migration derived from the coal-measure metal-bearing source rocks, etc. Thirdly, basin-in crust-source magma, combination of crust-mantle derived magma, and mantle-derived magma had formed their corresponding magmatic superimposing tectonics and magmatic superimposing diagenetic lithofacies system, respectively. Four coupling structures of magma-tectonics-lithology-hydrothermal fluid existed in the asymmetry dome-shaped complex fold formed by magmatic hunch-up. On the one hand, tourmaline-rich plume tectonics produced by the diagenesis and ore-forming of basin-in magmatic reconstruction-superimposing were typified by hunch-up and rotated fault-fold zone, series of tourmaline alteration facies. On the other hand, CO2-rich plume tectonics produced by basin-in magmatic reworking was characterized by thermal-derived faults, vertical zoning of Fe-Mn-carbonate minerals, and they intergrowth with vertical zoning of siderite skarn, skarnized marble, Fe-Mn carbonate minerals hosted in marble, and marbleization crystalline limestone in sequence.
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图 1 新疆塔西和陕西凤太地区沉积盆地变形构造样式与构造组合图(据方维萱和黄转盈, 2019; 方维萱等, 2020修改)
Figure 1.
图 4 老厂矿田隐蔽岩浆叠加构造样式与隐伏花岗岩顶面等高线图(据郭玉乾等, 2021修改)
Figure 4.
图 5 老厂矿田隐伏花岗岩突起、复式背斜和断褶构造带(据郭玉乾等, 2021修改)
Figure 5.
表 1 火山岩区内主要火山岩相系类型、火山构造样式与成相机制
Table 1. Major types of volcanic rock lithofacies and volcanic tectonics, and the mechanism of lithofacies formation
火山岩相系 主要相类型 代表性的岩石组合 火山构造样式 成相机制和空间拓扑学 A相系: 次火山岩侵入相系(火山机构根部相系) 次火山岩脉相(岩脉、岩墙和岩枝等) 石英斑岩、二长斑岩、闪长斑岩、辉长玢岩-辉绿玢岩、煌斑岩 次火山岩侵入构造(火山通道)、次火山岩叠加侵入构造 次火山岩侵入成相型具有穿时叠加相体结构。常形成正向火山穹隆构造、异时同位叠加镶嵌结构、穿时叠加镶嵌结构、"后来者居上"穿切相体。 次火山岩侵入相(小岩株) 闪长斑岩、花岗斑岩、二长斑岩、长石斑岩、正长斑岩、石英斑岩 B相系: 火山隐爆-侵出相系(火山机构中心相系) 岩浆侵入角砾岩相+岩浆隐爆角砾岩相+岩浆角砾岩相 闪长岩质角砾岩(含花岗岩角砾)、辉绿岩质岩浆侵入角砾岩、铁白云石钠长岩浆隐爆角砾岩 火山喷发-岩浆侵入角砾筒构造(管道) 火山隐爆-侵出成相型呈中心环带状。火山喷发-岩浆侵入角砾筒构造穿切镶嵌在火山锥体之上, 叠合火山锥型。分布于正向火山穹隆中心或负向火山机构边缘。 碎斑熔岩相(侵出相)、碎屑熔岩 安山质碎斑熔岩、英安质碎斑熔岩、流纹质碎斑熔岩、长石碎斑熔岩 火山颈构造、火山侵出熔岩丘构造 环绕式-环带状面型和叠置型。位于火山穹丘中心部位, 热能耦合反应中心相呈环带状分布于火山洼地和火山穹隆的周缘, 火山热液成矿中心周缘成相型。 C相系: 火山爆发-喷发相系(火山喷发机构周边相系) 火山溢流相 苦橄质熔岩、碱玄质熔岩、玄武质熔岩、安山质熔岩、流纹斑岩-英安斑岩、 火山熔岩被 火山喷溢-喷发成相型, 具有环带状或舌状相体结构。在正向火山穹隆构造周缘具有时序结构的半环状—环状的似层状-层状叠置相体+穿时非层状穿切结构的镶嵌相体。面带叠置型。 火山爆发熔结相 熔结火山角砾岩、熔结火山集块岩、熔结凝灰岩、火山熔岩、火山隐爆角砾岩 火山锥(内锥)。酸性火山岩形成熔岩丘 火山爆发沉积相 火山碎屑岩、火山碎屑流岩、角砾凝灰岩、晶屑凝灰岩、(空落)凝灰岩 火山锥体的外锥 围绕正向火山喷发机构周缘呈叠置相体。正向火山机构周缘分布较广。 火山口湖泊相 复成分火山角砾岩、简单成分沉火山角砾岩、凝灰岩、凝灰质灰岩、凝灰质白云岩、火山热水沉积岩、生物碎屑灰岩 塌陷火山口构造/火山湖泊盆地, 盆内面状沉积型。 分布在负向火山机构内部。内倾斜似环状具有时序结构的叠置相体。碳质钙屑泥岩可指示水体深度。玄武岩具有"红顶绿底"结构。 水下火山喷发-沉积相 蚀变火山岩类、火山热液角砾岩、绿泥石岩、金云母岩、阳起石岩、钠长石岩、伊利石蚀变岩、铁白云石钠长石岩 火山沉积洼地(盆地), 盆内面状沉积型 海相(湖相)水下火山喷发作用, 具有时序结构的半环状—环状的似层状—层状叠置相体+穿时非层状穿切结构的镶嵌相体。 D相系: 火山沉积相系(火山喷发机构边缘相系) 火山沉积相 沉凝灰岩、沉火山角砾岩、沉晶屑凝灰岩、凝灰质砂岩、凝灰质灰岩 火山浊积扇相、火山泥石流相砾岩等火山沉积盆地内火山喷发-沉积事件旋回 震发式火山爆发沉积事件成相型, 与沉积岩相系具有时序叠置。 火山浊流沉积相/火山泥石流相/火山碎屑流相 凝灰质浊积岩、含火山砾石的凝灰质砂岩等具有鲍马序列的火山沉积岩系 E相系: 沉火山岩相系列(火山机构远端相系) 河流相火山岩质砾岩 玄武质砾岩、安山质砾岩 古河流和滨海岸等 火山物质的沉积相分异型。火山岩和火山物质剥蚀再循环沉积, 遵循沉积相分异规律。煤系中稀有稀散金属与碱性火山凝灰岩层密切有关。 凝灰质混合潮坪相 层纹状凝灰质硅质岩、凝灰质白云岩、凝灰质砂岩 潮坪环境 火山碎屑流相 火山碎屑岩+沉凝灰岩+沉积岩 火山扇状体 F相系: 衰竭火山口相系 衰竭火山口次火山岩相 蚀变火山角砾岩、蚀变火山熔岩、蚀变火山集块岩、脉岩类 塌陷火山口构造/衰竭火山口洼地 衰竭火山口成相型, 负向火山机构(如塌陷火山口), 火山热液蚀变岩相系+次火山岩侵入成相型。火山热液角砾化成相作用。 火山热水同生蚀变岩相 钠长石热液角砾岩、钠长铁白云石热液角砾岩、硅化热液角砾岩、硅化钠化热液角砾岩、伊利石热液角砾岩 岩浆蒸汽角砾岩相系 绢云母热液角砾岩、多孔状硅化热液角砾岩、复成分热液角砾岩 "浆-液-气"隐爆角砾岩化成相作用 G相系: 火山热液隐爆相系(火山热液成矿中心相) 火山热液隐爆角砾岩相 黏土化绢云母热液角砾岩、赤铁矿电气石热液角砾岩等 "浆-液"隐爆成岩成矿中心相 火山热液隐爆角砾岩化成相型。火山-次火山热液蚀变作用成相型。 火山气化热液角砾岩相 明矾石热液角砾岩、硅化热液角砾岩、伊利石热液角砾岩、碳酸盐热液角砾岩等 气液隐爆成岩成矿中心相 火山-次火山热液成矿中心, 火山气化热液角砾岩化成相作用。 H相系: 火山热液蚀变相系(热能耦合反应中心相) 火山热液蚀变相 青磐岩化蚀变岩、绿泥石化蚀变岩、伊利石化蚀变岩、绢云母蚀变岩、钠长石蚀变岩、铁白云石钠化蚀变岩 围岩蚀变体系 火山-次火山热液成矿中心周缘成相型, 火山热液蚀变作用。 I相系: 火山热水沉积相系 火山热水沉积岩相 蚀变凝灰岩、绿泥石蚀变岩、绢云母蚀变岩、钠长石岩、硅质钠长石岩、铁白云石岩等 火山洼地内盆内面状沉积型 火山热水沉积成相型, 火山热水沉积成矿中心相。 J相系: 火山地堑盆地边缘相系(基底构造层) 火山熔积角砾岩相 熔积复成分角砾岩、熔积火山碎屑岩 火山穹隆构造边缘相 同火山喷发-岩浆侵入期火山物质熔积作用, 含有源自基底的物质和碎屑。 火山热水循环对流热液角砾岩相 硅化钠化热液角砾岩、青磐岩化蚀变角砾岩 火山机构周缘环状和不规则状热液房 火山穹隆构造边缘的火山热水渗滤循环对流体系(热液房)/复合热液岩溶角砾岩相系 火山隐爆坍塌角砾岩相 火山隐爆坍塌岩块 基底构造层中坍塌-陷落岩块带 火山隐爆震裂作用和凝灰质熔结成相作用 陡岸坍塌角砾岩相 构造岩块、巨砾岩、混积岩、同生角砾岩 同生断裂带 盆地斜坡扇积砾岩相/同生角砾岩相 复成分火山角砾岩、简单成分沉火山角砾岩、沉积砾岩 盆地同生断裂带和盆地边缘斜坡带 盆地斜坡同生断裂+火山地震作用 K相系: 次火山侵入岩相系与构造-岩浆断隆构造带 次火山岩侵入相 闪长斑岩、石英斑岩、二长斑岩、正长斑岩、碱性花岗斑岩 次火山侵入构造 次火山岩侵入成相型 糜棱岩相-糜棱岩化相 黑云母角闪石糜棱岩、黑云母二长石糜棱岩、矽卡岩化糜棱岩、碎裂岩化糜棱岩 同火山喷发-岩浆侵入期韧性剪切带 低角度韧性剪切带→高角度脆韧性剪切带+碎裂岩化相 古风化壳相-古土壤相 古表生裂隙泥质充填物、伊利石黏土岩 古隆起剥蚀区 基底隆起区风化残积作用成相型 L相系: 盆内岩浆叠加再造相系 深成岩浆弧叠加相 钠长石黑云母角砾岩、铁白云石钠长石角砾岩、钠长石铁白云石角砾岩 岩浆叠加侵入构造系统 盆内岩浆叠加期形成的岩浆-构造-热事件叠加再造作用成相型 
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