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摘要:
陆地和海洋热容量差异会引起风向和降水发生季节性反转形成季风气候。亚洲是世界上季风气候最典型的区域，同时也有最多的受季风气候影响的人口。季风带来的强降水容易诱发多种次生灾害，严重影响着区域内人类社会生产、居住的安全，因而认识亚洲季风的形成过程至关重要。利用将古论今的地学思想，文章旨在阐述亚洲季风的组成，列举影响亚洲季风形成、演化的主要因素，总结亚洲关键地点的沉积记录显示的南亚季风和东亚季风的演化期次。结果表明，在古近纪，印度板块与亚洲大陆南缘发生碰撞，改变了亚洲的海陆分布，导致青藏高原发生初始隆升，南亚和东亚均出现季风性气候。但此时的东亚地区依然主要受行星风系的控制，东亚季风处于孕育阶段，仅呈条带状局部分布在华南板块的南缘，而南亚季风的覆盖面积相对广泛。这可能主要是因为东亚地区的边缘海打开时间明显要晚于南亚地区海陆分布出现的时间。但随着青藏高原在中新世整体隆升并接近现今的海拔高度，亚洲季风全面进入增强阶段，强烈影响区域内的地质演化过程。自中新世中期以来，由于受控于青藏高原隆升、南北极冰盖的发育，亚洲季风经历了多期次的稳定发展阶段。研究成果为科学合理利用季风开展亚洲系统地球科学研究提供了参考。
Abstract:Objective The formation of monsoon climates is attributed to the seasonal reversal of wind direction and precipitation caused by the difference in thermal capacity between land and ocean. Asia is recognized as the most prominent region globally, with monsoon climates, that affect the largest population. The heavy rainfall accompanying monsoons can result in various secondary disasters, substatially jeopardizing human safety and productivity in the region. Consequently, comprehending the formation process of the Asian monsoon holds paramount importance.
Methods This study aim to employ geological concepts to establish a connection between the past and present, providing an overview of the components of Asian monsoons, identifying the primary factors influencing their formation and evolution, and summarizing research progress on the South Asian and East Asian monsoons based on sediment records from key Asian locations.
Results The findings indicate that during the Cenozoic, the collision between the Indian Plate and the southern margin of the Asian continent altered the distribution of land and sea in Asia. Consequently, the Tibetan Plateau experienced initial uplift, contributing to the emergence of monsoon climates in South Asia and East Asia. However, at this stage, the East Asian region was still primarily influenced by the planetary wind system, and the East Asian monsoon was in its early stages, predominantly restricted to the southern margin of the South China Plate in a localized manner. In contrast, the South Asian Monsoon covered a relatively extensive area. This discrepancy may be attributed to the delayed opening of marginal seas in the East Asian region compared to the relatively earlier occurrence of land and sea distribution in South Asia. However, as the Tibetan Plateau continued to uplift and approach its current altitude during the middle to late Cenozoic, the Asian monsoon entered a strengthening phase, notably impacting regional geological evolution processes. Since the middle to late Cenozoic, the development of the North and South Polar ice caps and the upliftment of the Tibetan Plateau have controlled the Asian monsoon, leading it to undergo multiple stable periods of development.
Conclusion The development and evolution of the East Asian and South Asian monsoons are mainly driven by the distribution of sea and land in the Asia, the upliftment of the Tibetan Plateau and the global climate change during the Cenozoic.
Significance These findings provide valuable insights into the scientific and rational utilization of the Asian monsoon for conducting systematic Earth science research in Asia.
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Key words:
- Asian Monsoon /
- East Asian Monsoon /
- Tibetan Plateau /
- South Asian Monsoon /
- Cenozoic
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图 4 新生代青藏高原演化过程图（据Su et al.，2019修改）
Figure 4.
图 8 新生代东亚气候演变过程图（据Guo et al.，2008修改）
Figure 8.
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