Theoretical innovation and applications of ore-field tectonic lithofacies mapping
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摘要:
开展成矿蚀变−构造岩相解析建相和建模预测研究已成为矿田构造与找矿预测的创新方向之一。文章对国内外8类重要的成矿蚀变−构造岩相模型和形成机制进行论述总结，南美洲智利科皮亚波地区IOCG型矿田受到主岛弧带−弧相关盆地及岩浆叠加−盆地变形样式的复合控制，而中国云南东川沉积岩型铜矿床（SSC型）+IOCG型铁铜矿田受陆缘裂谷盆地、盆地变形构造样式和岩浆叠加侵入构造系统的复合控制。中国内蒙古甲−查浅成低温热液型银铅锌矿田受火山洼地、火山穹隆构造、火山岩岩相类型和火山热液隐爆角砾岩的复合控制，而深成岩浆弧控制了蒙古国南戈壁斑岩型金铜钼−浅成低温热液金银矿田；中国秦岭热水沉积型（SEDEX）银铜铅锌−菱铁矿−重晶石矿田受到陆缘拉分盆地内三级热水沉积盆地、同生断裂带和热水沉积岩相的控制。大陆造山带内不同层次的脆韧性剪切带，控制了金矿田和金钼多金属矿田定位。在新疆塔西盆−山−原镶嵌区盆地系统内，侏罗系煤系烃矿源岩是金属矿田和天然气气田的成矿成藏物质供给源区；乌拉根砂砾岩型天青石−铅锌矿田受到山前挤压—伸展转换盆地、气成热流柱构造和山前冲断褶皱带的复合控制；萨热克铜多金属矿田赋存于旱地扇杂砾岩，受到对冲式厚皮型逆冲推覆断裂带和幔源热流柱带的复合控制。其中在矿集区−矿田尺度上，电气石热流柱构造、岩浆气囊构造、复合岩溶构造岩相等是成矿蚀变−构造岩相的3种新类型；在归纳前期对矿田构造岩相、矿田构造古地理单元和典型矿田构造岩相形成机制研究基础上，文章提出了矿田成矿蚀变−构造岩相类型的新划分方法和划分原则方案，并划分确定了12种变形构造岩相类型。研究成果为矿田构造研究和找矿预测提供了新理论和新方法支撑。
Abstract:Objective In the matter of material architecture, the diagenetic-metallogenic system may be classified into lithofacies of root-feeders (metallogenic material feeders), lithofacies of structural channel (migration of diagenetic-metallogenic material), lithofacies of closed-reservoir space (unloading-enriching room of diagenetic-metallogenic material), and lithofacies of surrounding rock alteration (water–fluid–rock system of diagenetic-metallogenic material). Ore-field tectonic lithofacies mapping and detailed analysis of the formation mechanism of different types of tectonic lithofacies aid in identifying and delineating in-situ diagenetic-metallogenic systems at the scale of ore clusters and ore fields. These approaches also reveal the formation mechanisms of resources, energy, and minerals, marking it as an innovative direction in ore-field structure and prospecting prediction. In order to promote and deepen the research and understanding of tectonic lithofacies and prospecting prediction in ore fields, this article focused on the lithofacies establishment and modeling predictions on the mineralization-alteration-tectonics-lithofacies, discussing and exploring eight important types of mineralization-alteration-tectonics-lithofacies models and their formation mechanisms domestically and internationally.
Methods The article carried out ore field tectonic lithofacies mapping and detailed analysis of the formation mechanism of different types of tectonic lithofacies in order to recognize and delineate in situ diagenetic-metallogenic systems at the scale of ore clusters and ore fields.
Results Eight models and formation mechanisms for the mineralization-alteration-tectonics-lithofacies at the scale of ore-field tectonic lithofacies were discussed in this study. The IOCG-type ore field in the Copiapo area of Chile is controlled by the main arc belt, arc-related basins, magmatic superimposing and basin–deformation style. However, the SSC-type Cu deposit and the IOCG-type ore field in the Dongchuan area of Yunnan in southwestern China are located at the marginal rift basin with different styles of basin deformation and reworked by the magmatic superimposing tectonic system. The Jia–Cha epithermal Au-Ag-Pb-Zn ore-field in Inner Mongolia of northern China is dominated by volcanic lake-basin, volcanic dome structure, facies-type of volcanic rocks, and volcanic hydrothermal crypto-explosive breccias, whereas porphyry Cu-Mo-Au and epithermal Au-Cu ore-fields in the South Gebi area of Mongolia are formed in the Devonian–Carboniferous plutonic magmatic arc. The Sedex-type Ag-Cu-Pb-Zn-Ba-Fe ore-field in the Qinling orogeny of central China is shaped by the three-order sub-basin, syngenesis fault, and facies of hydrothermal sedimentary rock in the marginal pull-apart basin. However, gold and Au-Mo-polymetallic ore fields are dominated by different scales of the brittle-ductile shear zones in the orogenic belt. Migrations of the ore-reservoir-forming matters for metallic ore field and gas field are derived from the Jurassic coal-measure hydrocarbon-metal-bearing source rocks in the western Tarim of basin-mountain-plateau mosaic structure in western China. The Wulagen glutenite-type celesite-Pb-Zn ore field located at the piedmont compression to extension conversion basin is coupled by the pneumatogenic plume and superimposed by the piedmont thrust-fold belt. The Sareke glutenite-type Cu-polymetallic ore-field hosted at irony glutenite of the dry-fan facies in the tail-end lake basin is reworked by the hedging-style, base-type thrust fold belt and superimposed by mantle-derived hydrothermal plume.
Conclusion Eight models and formation mechanisms for the mineralization-alteration-tectonics-lithofacies at the scale of ore field tectonic lithofacies were discussed in this study based on a review of ore-field tectonics. The tourmaline-rich plume tectonics, magmatic gasbag structure, and compound karsting tectonic lithofacies are three new types of mineralization-alteration-tectonics-lithofacies. Ore-field tectonic paleogeographic unit and formation mechanism of important ore-field tectonic lithofacies, new classification methods and principles of the mineralization-alteration-tectonics-lithofacies and 12 different types of deformational tectonic lithofacies were established in this essay.
Significance All achievements in this study have established a new foundation for tectonic lithofacies mapping and ore prediction.
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