Analysis of ore-controlling structures of the Shimensi tungsten deposit, Dahutang ore field, northwest Jiangxi Province
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摘要:
大湖塘钨矿田位于赣西北九岭近东西向隆起带，是近年发现的1个世界级超大型钨多金属热液矿床聚集区，由石门寺、昆山2个大型矿床和狮尾洞、大岭上、新安里等中型矿床组成。石门寺大型钨矿床位于矿田北部，矿体发育于新元古代花岗闪长岩和燕山期花岗岩中，矿化类型有石英大脉型、细脉浸染型和热液隐爆角砾岩型，三种矿化类型围绕成矿岩体有规律产出，构造控矿作用明显。构造是控矿的最重要因素，开展控矿构造解析和构建构造控矿模型有助于重塑成矿构造的形成演化，为找矿预测提供技术支撑。文章通过野外对含矿裂隙系统的精细调查，分析了不同类型含矿裂隙的组合形式及展布特点，探讨了其形成的动力学条件，构建了构造控矿模型。研究表明：含矿构造是呈近东西向为主、北东东向和北西西向次之、多方向的小型断裂构造，整体呈现长轴为东西向的近椭圆范围内展布；从矿区外侧向中心含矿构造具有中等倾角双倾向裂隙→中等倾角单倾向外倾裂隙→陡倾角裂隙的变化趋势，中心为热液隐爆角砾岩；其中中等倾角双倾向含矿构造形成于成矿前的岩浆侵位期，最大主应力近直立，中间主应力近水平，为剖面X-型共轭剪裂隙；中等倾角单倾向外倾含矿构造和陡倾角含矿构造带形成于热液隐爆的同成矿期，最大主应力近直立，中间主应力近水平，为剖面上的单向剪裂隙和张剪性裂隙；热液隐爆中心为最大主应力近直立，中间和最小主应力均近水平且大小相近。石门寺钨矿床的控矿构造是长轴呈近东西向展布的成矿岩浆岩的岩体侵位构造和岩浆期后成矿流体的液压致裂构造；岩体侵位构造形成稍早，主要发育于成矿岩体顶部的上覆围岩（晋宁期花岗闪长岩）中，分布范围较大；岩浆期后成矿流体的液压致裂构造形成于成矿期，发育于成矿岩体上部和上覆围岩中，分布范围较窄；成矿流体的隐爆和液压致裂瞬间降低了成矿流体的压力，导致成矿物质的大量析出和有用矿物的结晶，形成钨矿床。花岗岩体侵位构造和成矿流体液压致裂构造是钨矿体的赋存空间，控制了钨矿体产出。矿区近东西向构造属于隐伏构造（基底构造），为控岩构造，控制成矿岩体长轴呈近东西向延伸，起到间接控矿作用；北西西向构造如F20断裂既不是导矿构造，也不是控矿构造，而是左行正断的破矿构造；矿田尺度的北北东向隐伏构造控制成矿岩浆岩带的展布，是高级别的控岩构造。该研究不仅可指导矿床深边部找矿，一是在矿区范围是近东西向成矿岩体东、西两端岩体倾伏部位的深部寻找隐伏矿体；二是在矿田范围有隐伏成矿岩体发育的部位寻找另一个岩体−流体成矿系统；而且该研究对中国华南地区同类型矿床的控矿构造研究具有示范作用，丰富了高温热液矿床的构造控矿理论。
Abstract:Objective The Dahutang tungsten ore field, located in the nearly EW-trending Jiuling uplift belt in northwestern Jiangxi Province, is a recently discovered area of concentrated, world-class, super-large, hydrothermal polymetallic tungsten deposits. It consists of two large tungsten deposits, namely Shimensi, Kunshan, and three medium-sized tungsten deposits, namely the Shiweidong, Dalingshang, Xin’anli deposits. The large Shimensi tungsten deposit is located in the north of the ore field, and the ore bodies are developed in Neoproterozoic granodiorite and Yanshanian granite. The mineralization is of quartz vein type, disseminated veinlet type, and hydrothermal crypto-explosive breccia type, and the three mineralization types occur regularly around the ore-forming granite mass. The ore bodies in the Shimensi tungsten deposit are obviously controlled by structure, but there is little research. Structure is the important ore-controlling factor. The analysis of ore-controlling structures and the construction of tectonic ore-controlling models can help to reconcile the formation and evolution of ore-forming structures and identify the main ore-controlling factors, which can provide technical support for prospection and prediction.
Methods This study conducts a detailed field investigation of the ore-bearing fracture system, analyzes the combination of different types of ore-bearing fractures, explores the ore-forming conditions, and constructs a structural ore-controlling model.
Results The research shows that the ore-bearing structure is a multi-directional small fault structure with the main trend being EW, followed by NEE and NWW; all the ore-bearing structures are present in a nearly elliptical distribution with EW-trending long axes. The ore-bearing structures change from the outside to the inside of the ore-forming granite, from those with conjugate dip at medium dip angles to those with sole outward dip at medium dip angles, and those with high dip angles; then hydrothermal crypto-explosion breccia appears in the center of the deposit. Among them, the ore-bearing conjugate shear fractures (with an X-shape in the profile) formed in the magmatic emplacement period little before mineralization in a tectonic stress field with a vertical maximum principal stress and a horizontal intermediate principal stress. The ore-bearing solely outward-dipping fractures with medium or high dip angles were formed as non-conjugate shear fractures and tension-shear fractures in the metallogenic period by hydrothermal crypto-explosion in a tectonic stress field with a vertical maximum principal stress and a horizontal intermediate principal stress. The hydrothermal crypto-explosion center formed in a tectonic stress field with a vertical maximum principal stress and similarly-sized intermediate and minimum principal stresses.
Conclusion The ore-controlling structures of the Shimensi tungsten deposit are the emplacement structure of the ore-forming magmatic rock with an almost EW(NWW)-trending long axis and the hydraulic fracturing structure of the post-magmatic ore-forming fluid. The emplacement structure of the ore-forming magmatic rock, which was formed a little earlier and distributed over a larger area, developed mainly in the overlying surrounding rock (Neoproterozoic granodiorite) on the top of the ore-forming granite rock mass. The hydraulic fracturing structure of the post-magmatic ore-forming fluid was formed in the metallogenic period within a narrow distribution area in the upper and overlying surrounding rocks of the ore-forming granite rock mass. The latent explosion and hydraulic fracturing of ore-forming fluid instantly reduced the pressure of the ore-forming fluid, leading to the precipitation of ore-forming materials and the crystallization of valuable minerals, forming the tungsten deposits. The emplacement structure of the granite rock mass and the hydraulic fracturing structure of the ore-forming fluid are the sites of the tungsten ore body and control the development of tungsten ore body. The near EW(NWW)-trend of the mining area belongs to a concealed petro-controlling basement structure. This structure causes the long axis of the ore-forming granite rock mass to extend nearly EW and plays an indirect ore-controlling role. The NWW-trending faults such as F20 are neither the ore-conducting structures, nor the ore-controlling structures. They are ore-breaking, post-mineralization structures, with sinistral movement and normal shear sense. The NNE-trending concealed structure in the ore-field controls the distribution of the ore-forming magmatic rock belts and is a high-level petro-controlling structure. [Significance] This research can not only guide the exploration of the deeper and peripheral parts of the deposits—that is, further prospection should first search for concealed ore bodies at depth in the plunging part of the eastern and western ends of the near EW(NWW)-trending ore-forming granite rock body, and then search for other granites and fluid metallogenic systems in the area where the concealed ore-forming granite rock mass develops—but also has a demonstrative effect for studies of ore-controlling structures in similar deposits in southern China, enriching the theory of ore-controlling structures for high-temperature hydrothermal deposits.
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