Earthquake-induced fissures and their formation mechanisms in the 2023 MS 6.2 Jishishan Earthquake
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摘要:
2023年积石山MS 6.2地震在地表形成了大量的地震裂缝，但对地震裂缝的成因认识存在较多分歧。为了更好地认识中强地震中地震裂缝的发育特征及其成因机理，采用野外观测、统计分析、无人机摄影测量等方法，系统调查积石山地震形成的246条地震裂缝，总结其发育特征和成因机理。研究显示： 2023年积石山MS 6.2地震在Ⅶ—Ⅷ度区内形成了大量的地震裂缝，总体可分为构造微裂缝和非构造裂缝两类，非构造裂缝又包括山脊重力裂缝、滑坡边缘裂缝和沟谷裂缝−沙土液化组合。构造微裂缝沿积石山东缘断裂发育，宽度为厘米~毫米（cm~mm）级，通过断层面、节理面等介质软弱部位，表现为构造对裂缝的控制作用，裂缝同时具有“趋弱”的特点，说明此类裂缝不是断层直接错动地表而形成。非构造裂缝主要发育在震中北侧的黄土丘陵和台塬−沟谷区，山脊（台塬）部位的裂缝规模大、延伸远，从山脊（台塬）向下经山坡至沟谷，裂缝宽度从分米（dm）级降低为毫米（mm）级。构造微裂缝经过约半年时间已基本自然愈合，非构造裂缝的愈合时间远长于构造微裂缝的愈合时间；一些滑坡边缘裂缝可能难以自然愈合而形成永久位移，而对人类造成严重威胁的裂缝，需要人为修复。对2023年积石山MS 6.2地震裂缝的分布、类型和成因机制的分析表明，2023年积石山MS 6.2地震没有形成地表破裂带。对积石山地震的地震裂缝的综合研究对于地震次生灾害的研究、灾害损失减轻和地震构造分析具有重要意义。
Abstract:Objective Seismic fissures, landslides and mudflows are common secondary hazards of earthquakes. Following the occurrence of moderately strong earthquakes, detailed investigations of landslides and mudflows are usually conducted, but earthquake-induced fissures often receive less attention, because the characteristics and causes of earthquake-induced fissures are controlled by a combination of factors. The 2023 MS6.2 Jishishan Earthquake formed an extensive and dense earthquake-induced fissure zone in the Jishishan Mountain front and the interior of the Linxia Basin, but there are large differences in the understanding of the genetic mechanisms of earthquake-induced fissures.
Methods In order to better understand the characteristics and genetic mechanisms of earthquake-induced fissures in the Jishishan Mountains, 246 fissures were systematically investigated by field observation, statistical analysis, and drone photogrammetry; then, the distribution, characteristics and genetic mechanisms of the earthquake-induced fissures were analyzed. Combined with relevant published studies, the following new findings are made.
Results First, the 2023 MS6.2 Jishishan Earthquake formed a large number of fissures in the VII-VIII degree zone, which can be generally divided into two categories: tectonic-related fissures and non-tectonic fissures, and the non-tectonic fissures are further divided into ridge gravity fissures, landslide-related fissures, and valley fissure-sand liquefaction combinations on the basis of the topography associated with these fissures. Second, the tectonic-related fissures developed along the eastern margin fault of the Jishishan Mountains, with fissure widths at the cm-mm level. The tectonic-related fissures extend through fault planes, joints, and other weaknesses of the Jishishan fault zone, clearly showing that the more than 100 m wide fracture zone (i.e., weak zone in the upper crust) of the eastern margin fault of the Jishishan Mountains dominates the distribution of the earthquake-induced fissures. Meanwhile, the tectonic-related fissures tend to develop at weaknesses in man-made structures, such as road seams and bridge joints; this “weakening-preferred” behavior indicates that these fissures are generated by seismic shaking effects on the fracture zone along the fault, rather than direct rupture by the earthquake-causing fault. Thus, the tectonic micro-fissures are not the surface ruptures mentioned above. Third, the non-tectonic fissures mainly developed in the loess-covered area around the Dahejia-Kexinmin-Ganhetan villages north of the epicenter, where the topography is hilly, predominantly tableland and valleys; ridge (tableland) gravity fissures are large in scale, extend far along the ridge, and exhibit a combination of reticulation, parallelism, or en echelon style; landslide-related fissures on the slopes are comparatively smaller in scale and confined to the landslide area; valley fissures are comparable in scale to tectonic micro-fissures and generally formed in association with sand liquefaction; the fissure widths decrease from dm scale on the ridges (tableland) to mm scale in the valleys. Fourth, the tectonic-related micro-fissures healed naturally within approximately half a year, while the healing of the ridge gravity fissures lasted much longer; some landslide-related fissures may take a long time to heal naturally and may even form permanent displacements that pose a serious threat to people and require repair.
Conclusion By reviewing and analyzing the distribution, types, and genetic mechanisms of earthquake-induced fissures in the 2023 MS6.2 Jishishan Earthquake, and taking into account the magnitude, the epicenter depth, and minor surface displacements, it is speculated that no surface ruptures formed during the Jishishan Earthquake. [Significance] An overview of the earthquake-induced fissures of the Jishishan Earthquake is of great significance for understanding the causal mechanisms of secondary earthquake disasters, analyzing seismotectonics, and proposing disaster mitigation strategies.
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表 1 积石山地震的地表裂缝分类及其特征
Table 1. Classification and characteristics of fissures induced by the Jishishan Earthquake
裂缝类型 宽度 组合 发育部位 方向性 恢复速度 非构造裂缝 山脊重力裂缝 dm~cm 带状、网状、雁列 山脊、台地 沿山梁 慢 滑坡边缘裂缝 dm~mm 围椅状、雁列 边坡 滑坡边缘 慢 沟谷裂缝−沙土液化 cm~mm 带状、雁列 沟谷 较快 构造微裂缝 cm~mm 单条 沿断层、节理等构造软弱带 沿断层 1年内 
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