Progress in the application of microseismic monitoring in the operation of underground gas storage
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摘要:
地下储气库在调节天然气供需、保障能源安全及优化市场运营中具有重要作用，其安全运行依赖微地震监测技术。微地震监测通过捕捉天然气注采过程中应力扰动引起岩体破裂产生的微弱信号，为储气库盖层密封性评估与风险预警提供关键数据支持。文章系统综述了微地震监测技术的原理、方法及应用。首先阐述微地震监测的技术框架，包括系统部署、数据采集与信号处理流程；进而结合国内外典型实例（新疆 H 储气库、唐山 M 储气库、金坛盐穴储气库、意大利 Minerbio Stoccaggio 储气库、丹麦 Stenlille 储气库和西班牙 Castor 储气库）分析该技术在实时监测、运行参数优化及安全评估中的有效性；最后展望未来发展趋势，提出技术智能化、多学科融合、实时远程监测及国际标准化的研究方向，为储气库安全运营与技术创新提供参考。
Abstract:Objective Underground gas storage (UGS) systems are critical for ensuring the flexibility, reliability, and safety of natural gas supply. Microseismic monitoring has emerged as a key technology for assessing the integrity of caprock seals and evaluating dynamic geomechanical responses during gas injection and withdrawal operations. This study aims to systematically summarize the technical framework, implementation practices, and engineering benefits of microseismic monitoring in UGS applications.
Methods The study integrates technical principles and field experiences from a range of UGS types, including depleted reservoirs, aquifers, and salt caverns. Monitoring approaches are categorized into surface, shallow-borehole, and deep-borehole networks. Key procedures including signal preprocessing, phase picking, event detection, location methods (arrival-time based and waveform stacking), and mechanism analysis are reviewed. Case studies from China (e.g., Hutubi, Tangshan M, and Jintan UGS) and Europe (e.g., Minerbio, Stenlille, Castor) are analyzed to demonstrate the effectiveness of microseismic monitoring under varying geological conditions.
Results Quantitative findings from multiple UGS sites indicate that microseismic events typically range from ML −3.0 to 2.0, reflecting subtle stress perturbations. For instance, 229 events were recorded at the Hutubi UGS, exhibiting scattered distributions away from major faults and indicating effective caprock sealing. At the Jintan salt cavern UGS, 419 events within 23 days revealed dense clustering near cavern boundaries, enabling real-time evaluation of cavern stability. At the Tangshan M oilfield-based UGS, limited events were detected despite pressures exceeding 30 MPa, with analysis revealing insufficient sensitivity of surface and shallow monitoring arrays for 4-km-deep reservoirs. Comparative analysis of injection parameters and microseismicity demonstrated a stronger correlation with pressure variation than with injection volume. Additionally, the Castor UGS failure case in Spain, where delayed detection of fault reactivation led to M 4+ earthquakes and project termination, highlights the consequences of inadequate real-time monitoring.
Conclusion Microseismic monitoring enables real-time assessment of stress evolution and caprock integrity, supporting risk mitigation and operational optimization throughout the UGS lifecycle. Gas and oil reservoir-type UGSs prioritize deep fault reactivation monitoring, while salt cavern UGSs focus on cavern wall deformation. Deep borehole sensors and dense arrays are essential for improving detection thresholds and depth accuracy. Future advancements should integrate fiber-optic sensing, machine learning algorithms, real-time data streaming, and interdisciplinary modeling to enhance early warning capability and ensure long-term operational safety of UGS systems.
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图 1 全球储气库发展情况（International Gas Union，2023）
Figure 1.
图 5 盐穴储气库微地震事件数量随时间演变图（据井岗等，2018b修改）
Figure 5.
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