Reservoir characteristics and diagenetic processes of the Benxi Formation in the East Yanchuan Block, Ordos Basin
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摘要:
延川东地区本溪组是鄂尔多斯盆地东南部天然气勘探的重要目标层系，储层物性较差、非均质性强且成岩演化过程复杂。文章以本溪组砂岩为研究对象，基于铸体薄片、扫描电镜及高压压汞等多种实验手段，系统分析了其储层特征及成岩作用差异，明确了多阶段成岩过程对储层质量的控制作用。研究表明，本溪组砂岩储层演化主要经历了压实致密、胶结加固与溶蚀改造3个阶段，不同矿物组成砂岩在储集性能与成岩演化路径上存在显著差异：石英砂岩抗压能力强但中成岩阶段易致密化；岩屑石英砂岩溶蚀强烈，是储层成岩改造潜力最大的岩石类型；岩屑砂岩早期致密化强烈，仅在局部发育数量有限次生孔隙。在此基础上，建立了由弱压实弱胶结相、中等压实中等胶结相、胶结致密相及胶结溶蚀复合相组成的4类成岩相划分体系，揭示了储层物性差异的微观形成机制。研究成果深化了致密砂岩成岩作用阶段性与非均质性成因的认识；同时，成岩相划分体系为致密砂岩储层分类评价与有利成岩相带的预测提供了可靠的地质依据。
Abstract:Objective The Benxi Formation in the East Yanchuan Block of the southeastern Ordos Basin has emerged as a significant exploration target for tight gas reservoirs. Despite its strategic importance, the sandstone reservoirs in this interval are typically characterized by low porosity, poor permeability, strong heterogeneity, and complex diagenetic histories. These characteristics limit their development potential and make accurate reservoir prediction challenging. This study aims to thoroughly investigate the reservoir characteristics and diagenetic evolution of the Benxi Formation sandstones, with the goal of clarifying how multi-stage diagenetic processes control pore evolution and reservoir quality differentiation.
Methods An integrated analytical approach was applied, including casting thin section petrography, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and high-pressure mercury intrusion (HPMI). These techniques were used to examine pore types, mineral assemblages, diagenetic alterations, and pore-throat distributions, allowing for a detailed reconstruction of the diagenetic evolution and its influence on petrophysical properties.
Results The study reveals: (1) The Benxi Formation sandstones have undergone a multi-stage diagenetic evolution involving three principal phases: mechanical compaction, cementation enhancement, and dissolution modification. Each stage had a distinct influence on the pore structure and reservoir performance. (2) Quartz-rich sandstones showed relatively high resistance to mechanical compaction but experienced substantial porosity loss during the middle diagenetic stage due to the pervasive precipitation of quartz and carbonate cements. This stage led to the formation of a rigid framework, where the intergranular pores were severely occluded, significantly reducing effective porosity and permeability. (3) Lithic quartz sandstones exhibited a much more favorable diagenetic trajectory. These rocks experienced strong dissolution of unstable components, such as feldspar and lithic fragments, resulting in the formation of secondary intragranular and intergranular pores. This process markedly improved pore connectivity and storage capacity, making this lithofacies the most favorable for tight gas accumulation. (4) Lithic sandstones suffered from intense early-stage compaction and cementation, which drastically reduced both primary and secondary porosity. As a result, these rocks exhibit extremely poor reservoir quality and are considered the least favorable reservoir type. (5) Based on the observed differences in diagenetic intensity and pore evolution characteristics, four distinct diagenetic facies types were identified.
Conclusion (1) The reservoir quality of the Benxi Formation sandstones is primarily controlled by the intensity and sequence of compaction, cementation, and dissolution. (2) Different mineral compositions lead to divergent diagenetic pathways and contrasting pore evolution patterns. (3) Lithic quartz sandstones hold the highest potential due to extensive dissolution, while quartz sandstones are more susceptible to cementation. (4) Lithic sandstones, dominated by early-stage densification, represent poor-quality reservoirs. (5) The proposed four-type diagenetic facies framework effectively reflects the reservoir heterogeneity and offers practical criteria for facies-based reservoir prediction. [Significance] This study advances the understanding of diagenetic control on pore structure in tight sandstone reservoirs and provides a robust geological foundation for classifying and predicting reservoirs and targeting sweet spots in future exploration efforts.
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Key words:
- tight sandstone /
- diagenesis /
- diagenetic facies /
- Benxi Formation /
- Ordos Basin
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图 9 延川东地区本溪组储层孔隙度压实作用及胶结作用（图版引自Houseknecht，1987）
Figure 9.
表 1 延川东地区本溪组砂岩高压压汞参数分布特征
Table 1. Distribution of high-pressure mercury intrusion parameters of Benxi Formation sandstones from the East Yanchuan Block
参数 物性 孔喉大小 孔喉分选特征 孔喉连通性/% 层位 样品数 孔隙度/
%渗透率/
×10−3 μm2排驱压
力/MPa中值压
力/MPa中值半
径/μm孔喉分
选系数变异
系数歪度
系数最大进汞
饱和度退出
效率本溪组 28 最小值 2.10 0.023 0.01 1.98 0.01 0.05 0.11 −0.22 62.55 18.25 最大值 7.24 2.409 1.54 69.46 0.37 4.43 0.77 2.23 96.76 41.23 平均值 4.28 0.267 0.71 20.29 0.14 2.43 0.31 1.31 79.21 30.36 Ⅰ类储层 8 最小值 4.64 0.355 0.01 1.98 0.19 0.05 0.11 −0.11 85.24 31.46 最大值 7.24 1.249 0.56 5.48 0.37 0.97 0.34 0.57 96.75 41.23 平均值 6.21 0.543 0.24 2.66 0.26 0.56 0.18 0.21 88.78 35.65 Ⅱ类储层 6 最小值 4.21 0.237 0.26 4.79 0.11 0.54 0.16 0.36 80.16 30.40 最大值 6.52 2.409 0.98 11.34 0.24 1.58 0.49 1.09 87.19 35.85 平均值 3.97 0.431 0.49 8.62 0.21 1.01 0.22 0.87 84.21 28.70 Ⅲ类储层 8 最小值 3.31 0.052 0.58 13.37 0.09 1.76 0.28 −0.22 73.15 23.17 最大值 5.47 0.424 1.37 43.29 0.15 3.31 0.57 1.57 82.78 30.34 平均值 3.56 0.215 1.01 19.91 0.11 2.57 0.36 1.04 79.26 24.59 Ⅳ类储层 6 最小值 2.1 0.023 0.79 29.64 0.01 2.55 0.45 0.96 62.55 18.25 最大值 3.24 0.264 1.54 69.46 0.09 4.43 0.77 2.33 75.43 25.14 平均值 2.47 0.189 1.15 35.76 0.04 2.93 0.39 1.55 71.11 21.34 
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表 2 延川东地区本溪组砂岩成岩相特征及划分标准
Table 2. Diagenetic facies characteristics and classification criteria of Benxi Formation sandstones from the East Yanchuan Block
成岩相类型 弱压实弱胶结相 中等压实中等胶结相 胶结溶蚀复合相 胶结致密相 命名依据 机械压实与胶结作用均弱 机械压实与胶结作用适中 胶结基础上发育局部或强烈溶蚀 胶结强度高，封闭孔喉 显微特征 石英颗粒点接触或线接触，
胶结物零散石英线、凹凸接触，
胶结物含量低胶结物大面积溶蚀，
见蜂窝状溶蚀构造胶结物充填孔隙，
颗粒凹凸接触储层质量 好 中等，非均质性强 中等，非均质性强 差 常见岩性 石英砂岩为主，
少量岩屑石英砂岩岩屑石英砂岩为主，
少量岩屑砂岩三者均有 三者均有
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表 3 延川东地区本溪组不同砂岩成岩过程及孔隙特征
Table 3. Diagenetic processes and pore characteristics of different sandstones from the Benxi Formation, East Yanchuan Block
岩石类型 石英砂岩 岩屑石英砂岩 岩屑砂岩 成岩演化路径 弱压实、弱胶结→石英、碳酸盐胶结→局部溶蚀 中等压实、胶结→胶结致密→强烈溶蚀 强压实、胶结→碳酸盐胶结致密→局部溶蚀 主控成岩作用 弱压实 强溶蚀 局部溶蚀 典型孔隙组合 残余粒间孔、溶孔 粒间溶孔、岩屑溶孔 岩屑溶孔、晶间孔 主要成岩相 弱压实弱胶结相 胶结溶蚀复合相 胶结致密相
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