Tectonic deformation mechanism of the fault zone in the northwest margin of Junggar Basin: Based on physical experimental simulation
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摘要:
准噶尔盆地西北缘发育以红车(红山嘴、车排子)、克白(克拉玛依、百口泉)和乌夏(乌尔河、夏子街)为代表的边缘断裂系统，是影响石炭纪—三叠纪地层发育特征和控制油气聚集的关键因素。准噶尔盆地西北缘断裂带属性及形成机制是地球科学界广泛讨论的问题，并一直存在争议。基于区域地质背景和前人研究成果，采用物理砂箱实验模拟准噶尔盆地西北缘断裂带构造变形机制。实验结果表明，乌夏、克白断裂带主要由一条西倾的主断裂控制，两侧断裂不对称分布，为不对称状花状断裂。红车断裂带主要由2条主断裂控制，呈雁列状分布，整体表现为近似对称的花状构造。通过物理模拟正演，认为准噶尔盆地西北缘早石炭世—晚三叠世演化过程可分为2个阶段，即残余洋盆俯冲阶段和右旋走滑阶段。准噶尔盆地西北缘构造石炭纪—三叠纪地层圈闭发育，可能是逆冲断裂和褶皱形成的断鼻、断块和排列背斜，这些伴生构造圈闭是准噶尔盆地西北缘油气成藏的关键因素。
Abstract:The development of marginal fault systems, exemplified by Hongche (Hongshanzui, Chepai), Kebai (Karamay, Baikouquan), and Wuxia (Wuerhe, Xiazijie) in the northwest margin of Junggar Basin, is a pivotal factor influencing the developmental characteristics of Carboniferous-Triassic strata and governing hydrocarbon accumulation. The nature and formation mechanism of the fault zone in the northwest margin of Junggar Basin have been extensively discussed within the earth science community. Building upon regional geological context and previous research findings, a physical sandbox experiment was conducted to simulate the tectonic deformation mechanism within the fault zone at northwestern Junggar Basin. The experimental outcomes reveal that the Wuxia and Kebai fault zones are primarily controlled by a west-dipping main fault with a symmetrically distributed subsidiary faults on both sides. Conversely, the Hongche fault zone is predominantly governed by two main faults exhibiting an en echelon distribution pattern with an approximately symmetrical flower-like structure. Through forward physical simulation, it can be inferred that Early Carboniferous to Late Triassic evolution at the northwest margin of Junggar Basin can be divided into two stages: residual ocean basin subduction stage followed by right-lateral strike-slip stage. The development of Carboniferous-Triassic stratigraphic traps in this region may be attributed to thrust faults and folds forming fault noses, fault blocks, and aligned anticlines. These associated structural traps serve as key factors for hydrocarbon accumulation at the northwest margin of Junggar Basin.
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Key words:
- northwestern margin of Junggar /
- Mahu depression /
- physical simulation /
- fault /
- tectonic mechanism
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图 1 北疆地区数字高程模型（a, 显示了主要断裂和构造单元）、西北缘断裂体系简化构造图(b)、A-A’剖面地层结构图(c,据王鹤华等, 2015修改)和B-B’剖面地层结构图(d,据Tang et al.,2021修改)
Figure 1.
图 4 弧形压扭性边界物理模拟结果(A-A’、B-B’、C-C’、D-D’)和直线压扭性边界物理模拟结果(E-E’、F-F’、G-G’)（字母的含义说明见正文,剖面位置见图3）
Figure 4.
表 1 本研究使用的物理参数和地质原型与实验模型之间的比例因子
Table 1. The physical parameters and scale factors between geological prototypes and experimental models used in this study
参数 地质原型 实验模型 比例因子 长度 $ \left(l\right)/\mathrm{m} $ $ \text{4.5×}{\text{10}}^{\text{4}\text{}}\;\mathrm{m} $ $ 5\times{10^{-1}}\;\mathrm{m} $ $ {{l}}_{\mathrm{M}}/{{l}}_{\mathrm{N}}=\text{9×}{\text{10}}^{{-4}} $ 石英砂密度 $ \left(\rho \right) $ $ \text{2.4×}{\text{10}}^{\text{3}\text{}}\mathrm{k}\mathrm{g}/{\mathrm{m}}^{3} $ $ \text{1.35×}{\text{10}}^{\text{3}}\mathrm{k}\mathrm{g}/{\mathrm{m}}^{3} $ $ {\mathrm{\rho }}_{\mathrm{M}}/{\mathrm{\rho }}_{\mathrm{N}}=0.65 $ 重力加速度 $ \left(\text{g}\right) $ $ 9.81\;\mathrm{m}/{\mathrm{s}}^{2} $ $ 9.81\;\mathrm{m}/{\mathrm{s}}^{2} $ $ {\text{g}}_{\text{M}}/{\text{g}}_{\mathrm{N}}=\text{1.0} $ 摩擦系数 $ \left(\mu \right) $ $ 0.73 $ $ 0.58 $ $ {\mathrm{\mu }}_{\mathrm{M}}/{\mathrm{\mu }}_{\mathrm{N}}=0.65 $ 旋转角度 $ \left(\theta \right) $ 70° 40° $ {\mathrm{\theta }}_{\mathrm{M}}/{\mathrm{\theta }}_{\mathrm{N}}=0.65 $ 时间尺度(T) 50 Myr 9 min $ {{T}}_{\mathrm{M}}/{{T}}_{\mathrm{N}}=3.5\times {10}^{-13} $ 注：实验模型密度数据据王鹤华等, 2015；旋转角度数据据Wang et al.,2007;Yi et al.,2015 
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