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摘要:
研究目的 针对南方煤田煤系地层岩性特征和地质构造分布，目前依靠传统方法，识别落差≤5 m小断层存在极大的局限性且难度较大，而地震物理模型是目前最有可能实现系统研究小断层的技术手段。
研究方法 以南方煤田——贵州省六盘水煤田为例，根据对研究区的实地勘探与资料收集，设计地震物理模型。由于小断层的制作难度及特殊性，采用特有的空间尺寸比例1∶2 000，速度比为1∶1.74，首次在国内实现对不同埋深5 m、3 m和1 m小断层的构建，从而制作完成了南方煤系地层小断层地震物理模型，对地震数据进行采集，并对模型原始地震数据进行分析及处理，得到模型叠加剖面。
研究结果 可以通过相似比原理选取特定比例因子，进行原料配比，完成包含落差≤5 m小断层地震物理模型的制作，为后续采集地震数据对煤田小断层进行识别及研究小断层波场特征提供试验平台。
结论 本次研究建立了一套适用于南方煤田小断层识别的地震物理模型实验体系，验证了相似比原理与小断层模型构建的可行性，突破了传统方法难以识别小断层的技术局限。该模型为研究小断层的波场特征、地震响应机制及后续小断层精细识别提供了实验平台与理论支撑，对提升南方煤系构造精细解释能力具有重要意义。
Abstract:Objective Given the lithological characteristics and geological structure distribution of coal−bearing strata in southern coalfields, traditional methods face significant limitations and challenges in identifying small faults with a displacement of ≤5 m. Seismic physical modeling is currently the most promising technique for systematically studying small faults.
Methods Taking the southern coalfield—Liupanshui Coalfield in Guizhou Province, as an example, a seismic physical model was designed based on field exploration and data collection. Due to the complexity and specificity of constructing small faults, a unique spatial scale ratio of 1∶2000 and a velocity ratio of 1∶1.74 were adopted. For the first time in China, small faults at different burial depths of 5 m, 3 m, and 1 m were successfully simulated, leading to the completion of a seismic physical model of small faults in coal−bearing strata. Seismic data were then acquired, and the raw seismic data from the model were analyzed and processed to obtain the stacked seismic profile.
Results By applying similarity principles and selecting specific scaling factors, raw materials were proportioned to successfully construct a seismic physical model incorporating small faults with a displacement of ≤5 m. This model provides an experimental platform for acquiring seismic data, identifying small faults in coalfields, and studying their wavefield characteristics.
Conclusions This study establishes a seismic physical modeling system suitable for identifying small faults in southern coalfields, demonstrating the feasibility of constructing fault models based on the similarity principle. The developed model overcomes the technical limitations of conventional methods in detecting small faults, and offers a reliable experimental foundation for investigating wavefield responses and seismic recognition mechanisms. It provides theoretical support for the refined interpretation of geological structures in southern coal-bearing stratas.
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Key words:
- seismic physical modeling /
- coal measure of southern /
- model making /
- data acquisition /
- small fault
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表 1 煤田三维地震物理模型参数
Table 1. Three-dimensional seismic physical model parameters of the coalfield
层数 地层 综合岩性 厚度/m 密度加权平均/(g·cm−3) 层速度/（m·s−1） 第一层 永宁镇组（T1yn） 白云质灰岩 585 2.393 4530 第二层 飞仙关组第二段（ ${\mathrm{T}}_{1}f^{2} $ ）细砂岩 385 2.434 4290 第三层 飞仙关组第一段（ ${\mathrm{T}}_{1}f^{1} $ ）泥质粉砂岩 155 2.442 4580 第四层 长兴组、龙潭组 含煤粉砂岩 103.23 2.519 4350 第五层 煤 2.82 1.75 3000 第六层 含煤粉砂岩 123.95 2.567 4420 第七层 峨眉山玄武岩组(P1e) 火成岩 550 3.009 5540 
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表 2 几种相似比组合
Table 2. Several combination of similarity ratio
参数 γ γ γ γ γ 比例 模型比例因子 模型比例因子 模型比例因子 模型比例因子 模型比例因子 1 2 3 4 5 空间长度 1∶10000 1∶20000 1∶10000 1∶5000 1∶1000 时间 1∶10000 1∶10000 1∶5000 1∶5000 1∶1000 速度 1∶1 1∶2 1∶1 1∶1 1∶1 频率 10000∶1 10000∶1 5000∶1 5000∶1 1000∶1 采样率 1∶10000 1∶10000 1∶10000 1∶5000 1∶1000 适合情况 面积中 面积大、埋深大 面积中、频率高 面积小 面积小
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表 3 物理模型比例参数
Table 3. Scale parameters of physical model
比例因子 模型 野外 物 理 模 型 大 小/mm 尺度L 1 m 2000 m 长 宽 高 速度V 1 m/s 1.74 m/s 1200 500 500 时间T 1.74 s 2000 s 水层深 60 (无地表) 41 (加地表) 频率f 240 kHz 208 Hz 模拟区块/m 采样率t 0.2 us 0.23 ms 纵向 横向 深 采样点 4096 4096 2400 1000 1000
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表 4 相似模拟材料
Table 4. Similar simulation materials
地层 模拟材料 砂岩 砂与环氧树脂 煤层 环氧树脂与硅橡胶 灰岩 石灰粉与环氧树脂 泥岩 滑石粉与环氧树脂 起伏地表 普通硅酸盐水泥、砂、石膏粉、水 模型左侧、右侧边界 环氧树脂、橡胶、稀释剂与除泡剂等 基底 有机玻璃
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表 5 物理模型测量参数
Table 5. Physical model measurement parameters
层位 层名 试块密度/
(g·cm−3)试块纵波
速度/(m·s−1)转换实际纵波
速度/(m·s−1)转换实际
密度/(g·cm−3)1 地表 1.082 1256 2185 1.883 2 细砂岩 1.1525 2433 4233 2.005 3 粉砂岩 1.183 2625 4568 2.058 4 含煤粉
砂岩1.1604 2492 4336 2.019 5 煤层 1.122 1785 3106 1.952 6 含煤粉
砂岩1.1695 2561 4456 2.035 7 玄武岩 1.602 2857 4971 2.787
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