Tempo-spatial changes and sustainable use strategies of cropland in China over the past 2000 years
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摘要:
明确中国历史时期耕地时空变化及其可持续利用策略，可为当前及未来国土资源开发和保护提供历史经验和借鉴之处。本研究集成过去2000年中国农耕区分布和耕地空间重建成果，概括了过去2000年间中国耕地的时空变化特征；进一步针对不同历史时期耕地扩展过程中遇到的突出问题，探讨了耕地的可持续利用策略。主要结论如下：①过去2000年中国耕地面积在波动中增加，公元初至公元8世纪维持在3.33×107 ha上下，11世纪末接近5.33×107 ha，17世纪初超6.67×107 ha，清末（1910年）达9.33×107 ha，1980年后逾13.33×107 ha。②过去2000年中国农耕区经历了3次扩展：西汉时期耕地扩展至长江以北，唐宋时期长江以南地区的耕地开发奠定了现代中国耕地分布的主体格局，清以来耕地变化以平原地区垦殖加深，以及对山地、边疆地区的开垦为主要特征。③中国历史上因地制宜地主动对耕地进行适应性改造，涵盖水利、农具等农业生产技术和耕作方法、作物选种等田间管理技术等诸多方面，是维系中国历史时期精耕细作的小农经济长期存在和发展的重要因素。
Abstract:Clarifying the spatial and temporal changes of cropland and its sustainable use strategies in historical China can provide experience and lessons for the development and protection of current and future land resources. This study integrated reconstructed data on the spatial distribution of agricultural areas and cropland cover to analyze the temporal and spatial changes of cropland cover in China over the past 2000 years. Then, focusing on the problems encountered during the expansion of agricultural areas in different historical periods, this study discussed the sustainable strategies for the cropland utilization. The main conclusions are as follows:① The cropland in China showed an increasing trend with fluctuations in the past 2000 years, which was around 3.33×107 ha from the 1st century to the 8th century, about 5.33×107 ha in the late 11th century, more than 6.67×107 ha in the early 17th century, over 9.33×107 ha by the end of the Qing Dynasty (AD 1910), and over 13.33×107 ha after 1980. ② The agricultural areas in China experienced three expansions over the past 2000 years. First, the cropland expanded to the north of the Yangtze River during the Western Han Dynasty. Second, the expansion of cropland south of the Yangtze River contributed to the formation of cropland distribution pattern in modern China. Third, the cropland expansion since the Qing Dynasty was mainly characterized by the intensification of cultivation in the plains and the reclamation of cropland in the mountainous and frontier areas. ③ The sustainable strategies of cropland use in historical China were based on flexible adaptations to local conditions, including various agricultural production techniques such as water conservancy infrastructure and farming implements, as well as field management techniques such as cropping methods and seed selection. These factors were indispensable for sustaining the long−term existence and development of an intensively cultivated peasant economy during historical periods in China.
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Key words:
- past 2000 years /
- China /
- cropland /
- tempo-spatial characteristics /
- sustainable land use strategy
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图 1 过去2000年中国耕地面积变化（数据据方修琦等, 2021; 新华社, 2021）
Figure 1.
图 2 中国历史时期农耕区扩展及隋代（609 年）北方耕地垦殖率空间分布（数据据中国科学院地理研究所经济地理研究室, 1980; Wang et al., 2023；基于自然资源部标准地图服务网站 GS2020(4630)号地图制作）
Figure 2.
图 3 宋辽（1078年，a）、明代（1583年，b）、清代（1850年，c）、1952年（d）、1985年（e）和2019年（f）耕地垦殖率空间分布（数据据耕地问题研究组, 1992; 中国农业科学院农业自然资源和农业区划研究所, 1992; He et al., 2012; 李美娇等, 2016, 2020; 方修琦等, 2021; 新华社, 2021; Zhang et al., 2022；基于自然资源部标准地图服务网站 GS2020(4630)号地图制作）
Figure 3.
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