Research on ground substrate modeling, classification and survey based on unified management of natural resources
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摘要:
基于自然资源统一管理的需要，自然资源部提出了“地表基质”的概念，并组织开展典型地区地表基质试点调查工作。目前，地表基质三级分类体系仍未形成统一认识和标准，严重制约着地表基质数据调查、野外填图、成果应用等工作。鉴于此，通过辨析地表基质内涵，明确了地表基质的理论意义和应用价值，综合考虑国土城镇空间、生态空间和农业空间规划的数据利用需求，建立了基于调查−分类−应用的地表基质垂向空间层次模型，可实现与岩石、砾质、土质、泥质4类地表基质数据的有机结合，进而提出三级分类体系方案。该方案以《地表基质分类方案（试行）》二级类型为基础，与现有分类体系充分衔接，并以现有的研究基础和现行技术标准为依据，在命名上遵守自然科学术语从先的惯例，通过科学编号，形成具有科学性、统一性、操作性、应用性和规范性的三级体系，具有应用的可行性，可为开展地表基质理论研究和调查应用提供借鉴和参考。
Abstract:Based on the needs of unified management of natural resources, the Ministry of Natural Resources of China has put forward the concept of "ground substrate" and has organized a pilot survey of surface substrate in typical areas. At present, the three−level classification system of ground substrate has not yet formed a unified understanding and standard, which seriously restricts the work of ground substrate data investigation, field mapping and application of results. In view of this, this paper clarifies the theoretical significance and application value of ground substrate by analyzing the connotation of ground substrate, comprehensively considers the data utilization needs of national urban space, ecological space and agricultural spatial planning, and establishes a spatial hierarchy model of ground substrate based on survey−classification−application, which can realize the organic combination with four types of ground substrate data: rock substrate, gravel substrate, soil substrate and mud substrate, and then proposes a three−level classification system scheme. Based on the secondary type of the Ground Substrate Classification Scheme, this scheme is fully connected with the existing classification system, and based on the existing research basis and current technical standards, it abides by the convention of natural science terminology in naming, and forms a scientific, unified, operational, applicable and normative three−level system through scientific numbering, which has the feasibility of application and can provide reference for the theoretical research and investigation and application of ground substrate.
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表 1 地表基质相近概念辨析
Table 1. Identification of similar concepts in the ground substrate
名称 所属学科 特征 功能属性 空间属性 地球关键带 地球系统科学 指岩石圈、水圈、土壤圈、生物圈和大气圈五大圈层交汇的异质性区域 供给资源产品、支持物质和能量的循环和流动、调控自然生境等 从未风化基岩面到植被冠层的连续体域 第四纪沉积物 地质学 呈松散状态沉积的物质，具有较大孔隙 记录环境变迁和地质事件、成壤作用形成土壤等 在山丘、丘陵及剥蚀平原的地表 立地条件 林草学 自然环境因素的总和，包括地形、土壤、水文、生物、人为活动等环境因素等 水源涵养、水土保持、生物多样性保护等 土壤层至大气圈层的环境空间 土壤 土壤学 陆地表面由岩石风化和有机物分解形成 保持水分、供给植物养分、调节气候和环境等 陆地表疏松层 地表基质 自然资源学 出露于地球陆域地表浅部或水域水体底部，具有岩石、砾质、土质、泥质等特征 孕育和支撑自然资源 范围覆盖固体地球表面，包括陆域和海域全部国土空间 
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表 2 岩石三级分类
Table 2. Three-level classification of rock substrate
一级类 二级类 三级类 编号 名称 编号 名称 描述 编号 名称 描述 A 岩石 A1 火成岩 是由岩浆喷出地表或侵入地壳冷却凝固形成的岩石 A11 酸性岩类 SiO2含量为63%~75% A12 中性岩类 SiO2含量为52%~63% A13 基性岩类 SiO2含量为45%~52% A14 超基性岩类 SiO2含量小于45% A15 碱性岩类 指富含碱性矿物的火成岩 A16 火山碎屑岩类 火山喷发所产生的各种碎屑物质经过短距离搬运或沉积形成的岩石 A2 沉积岩 在地壳表层条件下，母岩经风化作用、生物作用、化学作用和某种火山作用的产物，经搬运、沉积形成成层的松散沉积物，而后固结而成的岩石 A21 陆缘碎屑岩类 沉积物经过风化、侵蚀、运输等过程，在陆缘区域沉积形成的岩石类型 A22 泥质岩类 主要由粘土矿物所组成的沉积岩石 A23 蒸发岩类 由湖盆、海盆中的卤水经蒸发、浓缩，盐类物质依不同的溶解度结晶而成化学沉积岩 A24 碳酸盐岩类 由方解石、白云石等自生碳酸盐矿物组成的沉积岩 A25 特殊岩类 包括铝质岩、铁质岩、锰质岩、磷质岩、硅质岩等内源沉积岩，系指组成岩石的沉积物是由生物、化学和生物化学作用形成 A3 变质岩 在变质作用条件下，由地壳中已经存在的岩石变成的具有新的矿物组合及变质结构与构造特征的岩石 A31 长英质变质
岩类由长英质岩石在高温高压下发生变质作用形成的岩石类型 A32 泥质变质岩类 指由原始沉积岩（如泥岩、页岩等）在经变质作用，具有细粒、片理、层理等特点的岩石 A33 基性变质岩类 指由基性岩经过变质作用形成，具有细粒、块状晶粒、片理等特点的岩石 A34 钙质变质岩类 指由富含钙的岩石经变质作用而形成的一种新的岩石
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表 3 砾质三级分类
Table 3. Three-level classification of gravel substrate
一级类 二级类 三级类 编号 名称 编号 名称 描述 编号 名称 描述 B 砾质 B1 巨砾 巨砾体积含量≥75% B11 棱角状巨砾 具尖锐的棱角，棱线向内凹进 B12 次棱角状巨砾 棱和角均稍有磨蚀，但仍清楚可见 B13 亚圆状巨砾 棱角有明显的磨损，棱线略有向外凸出，但原始轮廓还清楚可见 B14 圆状巨砾 棱角已经全部磨损消失，棱线向外突出呈弧状，原始轮廓均已消失 B2 粗砾 粗砾体积含量≥75% B21 棱角状粗砾 具尖锐的棱角，棱线向内凹进 B22 次棱角状粗砾 棱和角均稍有磨蚀，但仍清楚可见 B23 亚圆状粗砾 棱角有明显的磨损，棱线略有向外凸出，但原始轮廓还清楚可见 B24 圆状粗砾 棱角已经全部磨损消失，棱线向外突出呈弧状，原始轮廓均已消失 B3 中砾 中砾体积含量≥75% B31 棱角状中砾 具尖锐的棱角，棱线向内凹进 B32 次棱角状中砾 棱和角均稍有磨蚀，但仍清楚可见 B33 亚圆状中砾 棱角有明显的磨损，棱线略有向外凸出，但原始轮廓还清楚可见 B34 圆状中砾 棱角已经全部磨损消失，棱线向外突出呈弧状，原始轮廓均已消失 B4 细砾 细砾体积含量≥75% B41 棱角状细砾 具尖锐的棱角，棱线向内凹进 B42 次棱角状细砾 棱和角均稍有磨蚀，但仍清楚可见 B43 亚圆状细砾 棱角有明显的磨损，棱线略有向外凸出，但原始轮廓还清楚可见 B44 圆状细砾 棱角已经全部磨损消失，棱线向外突出呈弧状，原始轮廓均已消失
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表 4 土质三级分类
Table 4. Three-level classification of soil substrate
一级类 二级类 三级类 编号 名称 编号 名称 描述 编号 名称 描述 C 土质 C1 粗骨土 不同粒级砾含量（体积计）25%~75% C11 重粗骨土 筛除砾质后，粗骨粒质量含量≥60% C12 中粗骨土 筛除砾质后，粗骨粒质量含量30%~60% C13 轻粗骨土 筛除砾质后，粗骨粒质量含量<30% C2 砂土 不同粒级砾含量（体积计）＜25%，筛除砾质后，砂粒含量（质量计）≥55% C21 极重砂土 筛除砾质后，砂粒质量含量>80% C22 重砂土 筛除砾质后，砂粒质量含量70%~80% C23 中砂土 筛除砾质后，砂粒质量含量60%~70% C24 轻砂土 筛除砾质后，砂粒质量含量55%~60% C3 壤土 不同粒级砾含量（体积计）＜25%，筛除砾质后砂粒含量（质量计）＜55%，细粘粒＜30% C31 砂粉土 筛除砾质后，砂粒质量含量≥20%，粗粉粒≥40%，细粘粒质量含量<30% C32 粉土 筛除砾质后，砂粒质量含量<20%，粗粉粒≥40%，细粘粒质量含量<30% C33 砂壤土 筛除砾质后，砂粒质量含量≥20%，粗粉粒<40%，细粘粒质量含量<30% C34 壤土 筛除砾质后，砂粒质量含量<20%，粗粉粒<40%，细粘粒质量含量<30% C4 粘土 不同粒级砾含量（体积计）＜25%，筛除砾质后细粘粒含量（质量计）≥30% C41 轻粘土 筛除砾质后，细粘粒质量含量30%~35% C42 中粘土 筛除砾质后，细粘粒质量含量35%~40% C43 重粘土 筛除砾质后，细粘粒质量含量40%~60% C44 极重粘土 筛除砾质后，细粘粒质量含量≥60%
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表 5 砾、土颗粒的粒径划分
Table 5. Particle size classification of gravel and soil particles
mm 巨砾粒 粗砾粒 中砾粒 细砾粒 ≥256 ≥64 ≥4 ≥2 粗骨粒 砂粒 粗粉粒 细粘粒 ≥1 ≥0.05 ≥0.01 <0.001
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表 6 土质质地分类
Table 6. The texture classification of soil substrate
质地组 质地名称 颗粒组成和级配 砾粒（体积计） 粗骨粒 砂粒 粗粉粒 细粘粒 粗骨土 重粗骨土 25%~75% ≥60% — — — 中粗骨土 30%~60% 轻粗骨土 <30% 砂土 极重砂土 <25% — >80% <30% 重砂土 70%~80% 中砂土 60%~70% 轻砂土 55%~60% 壤土 砂粉土 ≥20% ≥40% 粉土 <20% 砂壤土 ≥20% <40% 壤土 <20% 粘土 轻粘土 — — 30%~35% 中粘土 35%~40% 重粘土 40%~60% 极重粘土 >60%
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表 7 泥质三级分类
Table 7. Three-level classification of mud substrate
一级类 二级类 三级类 编号 名称 编号 名称 描述 编号 名称 描述 D 泥质 D1 淤泥 湖沼、河湾、海湾或近海等水体底部有微生物参与条件下形成的一种近代沉积物，富含有机物，天然含水量大于液限 D11 酸性淤泥 pH<7 D12 中性淤泥 pH=7 D13 碱性淤泥 pH>7 D2 软泥 生物遗骸质量含量＜30%的深海泥质沉积物 D21 酸性软泥 pH<7 D22 中性软泥 pH=7 D23 碱性软泥 pH>7 D3 深海粘土 远洋沉积物中生物遗骸质量含量＜30%的细粒泥质沉积物之总称 D31 酸性深海粘土 pH<7 D32 中性深海粘土 pH=7 D33 碱性深海粘土 pH>7
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表 8 宁海县地表基质三级类型
Table 8. Tertiary type of ground substrate in Ninghai County
一级类 二级类 三级类 编号 名称 编号 名称 编号 名称 A 岩石 A1 火成岩 A12 基性岩 A13 中性岩 A14 酸性岩 A2 沉积岩 A21 陆源碎屑岩 B 砾质 B3 中砾 B33 亚圆状中砾 B4 细砾 B43 亚圆状细砾 C 土质 C2 砂土 C22 重砂土 C24 轻砂土 C3 壤土 C32 粉土 C34 壤土 C4 粘土 C41 轻粘土 D 泥质 D1 淤泥 D12 中性淤泥 D13 碱性淤泥
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