Sulfur isotopes and trace elements of sulfides in gold deposits in the Shuangjianshan-Langwashan area of the Beishan orogenic belt as indicators of metallogenic mechanism
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摘要:
研究目的 双尖山—狼娃山地区位于中亚造山带中段南缘，北山造山带北部的明水岩浆弧地段，目前该地区矿床成因等信息尚不明确，厘清该地区金矿床硫化物中微量元素的赋存状态、流体性质、成矿机制，进而指导勘查实践。
研究方法 在野外地质调查和矿相学研究的基础上，对区域内双尖山、大红泉、狼娃山金矿床主成矿阶段的黄铁矿和黄铜矿开展 LA−ICP−MS 微量和稀土元素及硫同位素分析。
研究结果 结果表明，双尖山—狼娃山地区金矿床的金有可见金及不可见金2种赋存形式，不可见金主要以固溶体金（Au1+）的形式赋存于黄铁矿晶格中。Pb和Bi主要以辉铋矿或Bi以固溶体的形式存在于方铅矿包裹体中。大红泉和狼娃山矿床中Zn与Cd、Pb与Sb之间呈正相关关系，表明黄铁矿中存在闪锌矿、方铅矿等矿物包体。双尖山—狼娃山地区金矿床Nb/La、Th/La、Hf/Sm值多小于1，指示成矿流体中富含Cl−；Co、Ni的含量及比值指示成矿流体具有中低温、低盐度的特点；Cu/Au值指示成矿流体整体处于较还原的环境；Y/Ho、Zr/Hf、Nb/Ta值指示成矿过程存在多期次流体的叠加，双尖山金矿床成矿晚期流体可能与大气降水相混合。双尖山、大红泉和狼娃山矿床硫化物δ34S均值分别为2.58‰、2.07‰和1.22‰，双尖山硫同位素值变化范围相较于大红泉、狼娃山金矿床偏大，显示岩浆硫与地层硫的混合特征，而大红泉和狼娃山金矿床δ34S值均为极低的正值，显示出岩浆硫的特征。
结论 综合对比野外地质特征、微量元素及硫同位素组成，认为双尖山及狼娃山金矿床属低硫型浅成低温热液型金矿床，大红泉金矿床为造山型金矿床，区域成矿作用具有多期次性。
Abstract:Objective The Shuangjianshan-Langwashan area is situated in the southern margin of the central segment of the Central Asian Orogenic Belt, specifically within the Mingshui magmatic arc of the northern Beishan Orogenic Belt. Currently, critical information regarding the genesis of mineral deposits in this region remains unclear. This study aims to investigate the occurrence state of trace elements in sulfides, fluid characteristics, and metallogenic mechanisms of gold deposits in the Shuangjianshan-Langwashan area, with the ultimate objective of guiding exploration practices.
Methods Based on field geological investigations and ore microscopy studies, LA−ICP−MS analyses of trace elements, rare−earth elements, and sulfur isotopes were performed on pyrite and chalcopyrite from the main metallogenic stages of the Shuangjianshan, Dahongquan, and Langwashan gold deposits in the region.
Results The results show that gold in the Shuangjianshan−Langwashan area gold deposits exists in two forms: visible gold and invisible gold. Invisible gold is mainly hosted in the pyrite lattice in the form of solid−solution gold (Au1+). Pb and Bi are mainly present in galena inclusions, either in the form of bismuthinite or as solid−solution Bi. In the Dahongquan and Langwashan deposits, the positive correlations between Zn and Cd, and between Pb and Sb indicate the presence of mineral inclusions such as sphalerite and galena in pyrite. The Nb/La, Th/La, and Hf/Sm values in the Shuangjianshan−Langwashan gold deposit are mostly less than 1, indicating that the ore−forming fluid is rich in Cl−. Likewise, the content and ratio of Co and Ni indicate that the ore−forming fluid has the characteristics of medium−low temperature and low salinity. Moreover, Cu/Au indicates that the overall ore−forming fluid is in a relatively reducing environment. And the Y/Ho, Zr/Hf, and Nb/Ta values indicate the presence of multiple stages of fluid superposition in the metallogenic process. In the late metallogenic stage of the Shuangjianshan gold deposit, the fluid may have mixed with atmospheric precipitation. The average δ34S values of sulfides from the Shuangjianshan, Dahongquan, and Langwashan deposits are 2.58‰, 2.07‰, and 1.22‰ respectively. The range of sulfur isotope values of the Shuangjianshan gold deposit is larger than that of the Dahongquan and Langwashan gold deposits, indicating the mixing characteristics of magmatic sulfur and stratigraphic sulfur. The δ34S values of the Dahongquan and Langwashan gold deposits are all extremely low positive values, indicating the characteristics of magmatic sulfur.
Conclusions Based on field geological phenomena, trace−element characteristics, and sulfur isotopes, it is considered that the Shuangjianshan and Langwashan gold deposits belong to low−sulfidation epithermal gold deposits, while the Dahongquan gold deposit is an orogenic gold deposit, and the metallogenesis in the area has multiple stages.
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Key words:
- Beishan orogenic belt /
- gold deposit /
- trace elements /
- sulphur isotopes /
- genesis of deposits
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图 1 北山地区大地构造位置图（a，据Xiao et al., 2010修改）和北山地区区域地质图（b，据Zhang et al., 2012；苗来成等，2014；王钏屹等，2018修改）及双尖山—狼娃山地区地质图（c，据甘肃省有色地质调查院，2019修改）
Figure 1.
图 2 双尖山（a，据白荣龙等，2022修改）、大红泉（b，据甘肃省有色地质调查院，2016修改）及狼娃山（c，据甘肃省有色地质勘查局天水矿产勘查院，2016修改）金矿床地质图
Figure 2.
图 7 双尖山—狼娃山地区金矿床Te及Au的赋存状态判别图（Te溶解度曲线据Keith et al., 2018；Au溶解度曲线据Reich et al., 2005）
Figure 7.
图 8 Ni−Co（a，底图据Bajwah et al., 1987; Brill, 1989修改）、Sb/Bi−As/Ag（b，底图据Augustin et al., 2019修改）、(Fe+S)−As（c）及Co−Ni−As（d）（c、d底图据李洪梁和李光明，2019修改）成因判别图
Figure 8.
图 9 双尖山、大红泉和狼娃山金矿床黄铁矿与现代海底热液和海水的Y/Ho值对比图（现代海水、BAB、MAR和EPR数据据Bau et al., 1997; Bau and Dulski, 1999；Douville et al., 1999；底图据第鹏飞等，2023）
Figure 9.
图 10 双尖山—狼娃山地区金矿床硫同位素直方图（a）及硫值对比图（b，底图据Hofes., 2009）
Figure 10.
表 1 双尖山—狼娃山地区金矿硫同位素测试结果
Table 1. Results of sulfur isotope testing of gold ores in the Shuangjianshan-Langwashan area
矿区 样品点号 矿物 δ34SV-CDT/‰ 矿区 样品点号 矿物 δ34SV-CDT /‰ 双尖山 SJS008-PY-1 黄铁矿 3.94 大红泉 DHQ006-PY-3 黄铁矿 1.65 SJS008-PY-2 黄铁矿 3.85 DHQ006-PY-4 黄铁矿 1.8 SJS008-PY-3 黄铁矿 6.28 DHQ006-PY-5 黄铁矿 2.00 SJS008-PY-4 黄铁矿 5.88 均值 2.08 SJS008-PY-5 黄铁矿 4.48 狼娃山 LWS001-PY-1 黄铁矿 0.94 SJS005-PY-1 黄铁矿 1.10 LWS001-PY-2 黄铁矿 1.91 SJS005-PY-2 黄铁矿 1.36 LWS001-PY-3 黄铁矿 2.01 SJS005-PY-3 黄铁矿 1.23 LWS001-PY-4 黄铁矿 2.00 SJS005-PY-4 黄铁矿 1.48 LWS001-PY-5 黄铁矿 0.7 SJS005-PY-5 黄铁矿 1.37 LWS002-PY-1 黄铁矿 0.69 SJS004-PY-1 黄铁矿 2.37 LWS002-PY-2 黄铁矿 0.59 SJS004-PY-2 黄铁矿 1.89 LWS002-PY-3 黄铁矿 1.10 SJS004-PY-3 黄铁矿 1.28 LWS002-PY-4 黄铁矿 1.02 SJS004-PY-4 黄铁矿 2.73 LWS002-PY-5 黄铁矿 1.30 SJS004-PY-5 黄铁矿 1.65 均值 1.22 均值 2.73 双尖山 SJS005-CP-1 黄铜矿 0.37 大红泉 DHQ002-PY-1 黄铁矿 2.34 DHQ002-PY-2 黄铁矿 2.30 大红泉 DHQ002-CP-1 黄铜矿 2.14 DHQ002-PY-3 黄铁矿 2.27 DHQ002-CP-2 黄铜矿 2.14 DHQ002-PY-4 黄铁矿 2.42 DHQ002-CP-3 黄铜矿 1.83 DHQ002-PY-6 黄铁矿 2.53 DHQ002-CP-4 黄铜矿 2.04 DHQ006-PY-1 黄铁矿 1.81 DHQ002-CP-5 黄铜矿 2.11 DHQ006-PY-2 黄铁矿 1.64 均值 2.05 
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表 2 双尖山-狼娃山地区金矿床黄铁矿稀土元素含量及特征值
Table 2. Contents and characteristic values of rare earth elements in pyrite of gold deposits in the Shuangjianshan-Langwashan area
10−6 元素 双尖山 大红泉 狼娃山 最大值 最小值 平均 最大值 最小值 平均 最大值 最小值 平均 La 0.027 0.005 0.011 0.095 0.000 0.024 0.014 0.001 0.005 Ce 0.048 0.002 0.011 0.230 0.000 0.028 0.011 0.000 0.003 Pr 0.008 0.000 0.004 0.034 0.000 0.006 0.008 0.000 0.004 Nd 0.051 0.001 0.022 0.156 0.001 0.027 0.039 0.002 0.019 Sm 0.065 0.004 0.027 0.045 0.003 0.013 0.077 0.014 0.030 Eu 0.016 0.001 0.007 0.020 0.001 0.005 0.013 0.001 0.006 Gd 0.037 0.000 0.024 0.073 0.001 0.022 0.058 0.003 0.020 Tb 0.003 0.000 0.001 0.013 0.000 0.003 0.004 0.000 0.002 Dy 0.024 0.001 0.012 0.074 0.001 0.017 0.018 0.006 0.011 Ho 0.007 0.000 0.002 0.017 0.000 0.003 0.006 0.001 0.003 Er 0.016 0.001 0.006 0.043 0.000 0.010 0.009 0.001 0.003 Tm 0.011 0.000 0.005 0.005 0.000 0.002 0.010 0.001 0.003 Yb 0.036 0.001 0.012 0.047 0.000 0.010 0.024 0.002 0.015 Lu 0.006 0.001 0.003 0.009 0.000 0.002 0.004 0.000 0.002 Y 0.026 0.002 0.013 0.461 0.001 0.065 0.012 0.001 0.006 ΣREE 0.152 0.021 0.083 0.829 0.005 0.100 0.114 0.018 0.061 LREE 0.115 0.006 0.051 0.564 0.001 0.060 0.102 0.004 0.035 HREE 0.064 0.005 0.032 0.265 0.004 0.040 0.087 0.004 0.026 LREE/HREE 5.393 0.125 1.919 4.383 0.165 1.088 14.972 0.127 2.637 LaN/YbN 3.023 0.111 1.046 5.624 0.519 1.924 0.478 0.080 0.262 δEu 2.886 0.038 1.192 2.385 0.242 0.889 1.000 0.902 0.953 δCe 1.000 0.227 0.714 1.000 0.110 0.764 1.257 0.044 0.739
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表 3 双尖山—狼娃山地区金矿床黄铁矿微量元素含量
Table 3. Trace element content of pyrite in gold deposits in Shuangjianshan-Langwashan area
10−6 矿床 编号 矿物 Mn Co Ni Sb Pb Bi Se Sn Au Ag Cd In Cu Zn Ge As Te Tl 双尖山 SJS04-2-2-1 黄铁矿 0.25 17.51 1.55 -. -. 0.02 10.53 0.04 0.04 0.1 0.52 0.02 0.46 0.98 3.49 116.5 9.46 -. SJS04-2-2-2 黄铁矿 -. 95.63 4.4 0.14 0.03 0.01 15.28 0.14 0.02 -. 0.26 -. 0.23 1.1 4.5 266.1 14.22 0.02 SJS04-2-2-3 黄铁矿 0.16 26.03 16.72 0.09 0.02 0.01 8.72 -. 0.01 0.02 0.19 -. -. 1.06 5 39.34 7.34 0.02 SJS04-2-2-4 黄铁矿 -. 1.11 2.27 -. 0.05 0.27 -. -. 0.01 0.01 0.04 0.01 -. 1.15 3.79 9.66 0.47 0 SJS04-2-2-5 黄铁矿 -. 8.9 -. 0 0.03 -. 10.1 0 0.02 0.02 -. -. -. 0.1 3.97 16.06 4.01 0.03 SJS04-2-2-6 黄铁矿 0.05 338.9 -. 0.03 0.02 0.05 5.79 0.05 0 -. 0.05 -. 0.21 1.85 4.02 62.5 1.58 -. SJS04-2-2-7 黄铁矿 -. 15.8 2.04 0.04 0.03 -. 12.34 -. -. 0 -. 0 -. 0.02 3.59 7.83 0.47 -. SJS04-2-2-8 黄铁矿 0.26 30.71 -. 0.04 0.04 0.02 6.36 0.03 -. 0.04 -. -. 0.27 1.69 3.86 15.42 -. 0 SJS04-2-2-9 黄铁矿 -. 4.03 0.64 -. -. 0.02 2.21 0.03 0.01 -. 0.24 -. 0.28 1.44 3.72 10.23 -. -. SJS04-2-2-10 黄铁矿 -. 94.07 3.12 0.06 0.06 0.32 5.28 0.06 -. 1.48 -. -. 0.27 -. 4.19 18.76 0.79 0.02 SJS08-2-1 黄铁矿 -. -. -. -. 0.04 0.05 2.36 -. 0.01 -. -. 0 0.93 0.99 3.72 8.28 25.94 0.01 SJS08-2-2 黄铁矿 -. 7.49 14.77 -. 0.03 0.02 -. 0.07 0 0.03 0.13 0 0.5 0.43 3.52 24.76 50.72 0.02 SJS08-2-3 黄铁矿 0.1 141.4 86.85 0.04 0.16 0.03 -. 0.02 0.04 0 -. 0.01 0.4 0.56 4.05 13.17 20.31 0.02 SJS08-2-4 黄铁矿 -. 4.69 4.32 -. 0.35 0.14 -. 0.07 0.04 0.01 -. 0.01 0.34 0.7 3.69 12.87 9.39 -. SJS08-2-5 黄铁矿 -. 0.81 2.86 0.04 0.04 -. 3.02 -. -. 0.06 -. -. 0.54 0.43 4.83 4.55 12.81 0.01 SJS08-2-6 黄铁矿 0.04 0.4 -. -. -. 0.01 12.07 -. -. -. 0.16 0 0.12 0.23 4.81 0.75 10.6 -. SJS08-2-7 黄铁矿 0.14 0.25 0.24 0.08 3.38 0.67 -. -. 0 0.1 -. 0.01 0.48 1 3.28 3.67 3.68 -. SJS08-2-8 黄铁矿 0.37 4.01 17.86 0.1 70.78 6.64 0.86 -. 0.04 16.7 -. 0.01 73.77 1.94 4.17 20.76 33.79 0.03 SJS08-2-9 黄铁矿 0.03 45.57 15.22 0.04 0.03 0.05 13.77 0.1 -. 0.02 0.5 0.01 0.49 0.72 4.02 24.51 30.7 0 SJS08-2-10 黄铁矿 0.51 121.9 20.62 0 6.4 2.07 -. 0.14 -. 0.19 35.65 6.01 3.34 1463 3.91 11.28 -. -. 大红泉 DHQ02-2-1 黄铁矿 0.54 7.17 117.6 -. 0.28 0.37 13.84 0.04 -. 0.02 0.06 -. 0.75 0.39 4.46 -. 0.58 0 DHQ02-2-2 黄铁矿 2.17 4.15 70.97 0.08 5.46 17.66 7.77 8.36 0.25 0.78 22.05 31.13 38.32 2513 4.67 2.64 2.9 0.01 DHQ02-2-3 黄铁矿 0.15 13.6 366 0.81 13.3 2.53 11.54 0.01 0.03 0.09 0.05 0 2.69 0.89 4.67 2.55 1.1 -. DHQ02-2-4 黄铁矿 -. 24.21 724 0.22 4.51 0.71 11.83 0.02 0.01 0.02 0.02 0 3.08 0.93 5.04 3.1 3.01 0.01 DHQ02-2-5 黄铁矿 0.17 20.62 15.77 0.11 8.47 8.47 4.58 0.05 0.01 0.23 0.04 -. 2.13 0.75 4.24 1.83 1.44 0.01 DHQ02-2-6 黄铁矿 -. 20.29 192.8 0.1 4.13 5.01 16.44 0.02 0.04 0.17 -. 0.01 4.68 0.96 3.91 -. 1.67 0.01 DHQ02-2-7 黄铁矿 0.02 10.6 54.97 -. 0.02 0.13 9.45 0 -. -. -. 0.01 0.94 0.54 4.77 -. 0.32 0.01 DHQ02-2-8 黄铁矿 0.03 7.74 126.5 0.17 11.69 2.22 40.48 0.02 0.03 36.59 0.16 0.01 4588 3.75 4.77 1.35 0.62 0 DHQ02-2-9 黄铁矿 -. 73.63 0.31 0.06 0.15 0.05 11.8 -. -. 0.04 0.02 0.01 0.24 0.86 4.74 39.11 45 0.01 DHQ02-2-10 黄铁矿 -. 182.9 45.53 -. -. 0 10.15 0.03 0.01 0.05 0.11 -. 5.44 1.4 4.33 6.48 4.45 0 DHQ06-2-1 黄铁矿 29.61 22.45 714.2 0.27 20.64 14.96 44.22 2.66 0.59 4.17 81.07 40.54 115.6 5247 4.2 -. 3.72 0 DHQ06-2-2 黄铁矿 4.97 27.56 1122 0.1 2.35 7.34 13.13 0.77 0.59 0.6 44.51 10.8 40.59 3156 4.46 1.98 3.6 -. DHQ06-2-3 黄铁矿 4.19 39.6 1385 0.11 6.3 17.94 10.9 1.08 0.43 0.67 74.12 86.85 57.53 7450 4.18 2.05 4.48 0.01 DHQ06-2-4 黄铁矿 0.94 39.68 2263 0.13 5.05 13.29 7.69 0.43 2.07 0.86 15.98 4.89 19.86 1186 4.28 0.59 7.67 0.01 DHQ06-2-5 黄铁矿 1.96 101.1 1725 0.25 15.36 63.92 11.38 1.7 0.66 1.4 43.38 29.98 40.18 3307 4.59 3.74 15.82 0.01 DHQ06-2-6 黄铁矿 17.24 278.3 1792 0.27 914.8 194.9 21.92 2.67 1.89 29.51 28.11 14.5 1158 1967 4.71 10.88 40.73 0 DHQ06-2-7 黄铁矿 -. 17.65 2558 0.03 0.39 0.62 13.09 0.01 0.01 -. -. 0 0.51 0.4 4.53 -. 0.53 -. DHQ06-2-8 黄铁矿 0.97 72.68 3270 0.04 9.96 21.67 8.13 0.01 0.05 0.36 0.15 0.01 8.73 1.94 4.76 9.87 8.84 -. DHQ06-2-9 黄铁矿 1.65 23.54 2079 0.29 8.03 10.92 10.19 1.36 0.94 0.58 46.55 16.48 24.54 3243 4.58 3.68 4.47 0 DHQ06-2-10 黄铁矿 1.1 36.49 2540 0.16 10.28 35.46 11.8 0.45 0.75 0.88 28.06 7.17 12.29 2092 5.39 1.31 14.53 0.03 狼娃山 LWS01-2-1 黄铁矿 0.08 12.27 2.76 -. 2.2 1.35 9.24 0.04 0 -. -. -. 0.89 0.71 3.63 99.8 2.45 -. LWS01-2-2 黄铁矿 -. 34.85 5.42 0.02 2.26 2.34 5.65 0.03 0.07 0.18 -. -. 4.57 1.47 4.51 146.1 10.06 -. LWS01-2-3 黄铁矿 0.13 1.43 0.95 -. 0.08 0.25 10.19 0.1 -. -. 0.04 -. 1.73 0.17 3.71 151.9 7.09 -. LWS01-2-4 黄铁矿 0.27 2.5 0.59 0.04 0.03 0.01 7.76 0.01 -. -. -. -. 0.75 1.5 3.75 90.1 3.17 0 LWS01-2-5 黄铁矿 0.11 21.75 1.62 0.02 1.45 1.29 12 -. -. -. 0.29 -. 1.45 -. 3.84 3.52 0.19 0.01 LWS01-2-6 黄铁矿 -. 21.91 3.72 0.02 0.34 0.06 8.91 -. -. 0.01 -. -. 0.65 0.68 4.43 7.26 0.56 -. LWS01-2-7 黄铁矿 -. 24.26 202.2 -. 17.61 6.76 3.27 0.06 0.04 0.53 0.11 0 1.8 -. 3.9 223.4 19.78 0 LWS01-2-8 黄铁矿 -. 32.9 163.2 0.04 26.77 15.31 15.71 0.11 0.04 0.68 0.14 0 1.56 1.3 3.34 310.2 27.84 0.03 LWS01-2-9 黄铁矿 0.29 47.66 67.36 0.11 26.55 13.9 11.7 -. 0.09 0.42 -. -. 4.39 0.78 3.63 182 17.13 0.06 LWS01-2-10 黄铁矿 0.18 21.42 24.97 0.09 2.46 0.13 20.08 0.11 0.02 -. 0.06 0 2.12 1 4.16 213.6 15.54 0 LWS02-2-1 黄铁矿 -. 77.12 1.64 0.03 1.76 58.32 11.54 -. 0.15 0.31 -. 0 5.26 0.58 4.62 11.57 32.01 0.01 LWS02-2-2 黄铁矿 0.39 1.3 0.4 0 0.81 6.64 15.25 2.1 0.01 0.14 -. -. 0.8 0.91 4.46 -. 2.92 -. LWS02-2-3 黄铁矿 -. 2.28 -. 0.11 1.47 1.15 19.37 0.11 0.04 0.09 -. 0 4.96 1.05 3.84 -. 0.65 0 LWS02-2-4 黄铁矿 0.34 32.96 1.38 0.07 3.38 5.54 4.36 -. 0.02 0.02 -. -. 0.29 -. 4.23 146.4 30.67 -. LWS02-2-5 黄铁矿 -. 109.1 2.29 0.07 2.54 4.29 15.77 1.76 0 0.03 -. 0.01 1.94 0.51 3.4 149.2 38.35 -. LWS02-2-6 黄铁矿 0.29 10.21 -. 0.04 1.2 5.84 4.36 0.81 0 0.11 -. -. 0.56 0.9 3.66 3.78 1.28 0 LWS02-2-7 黄铁矿 0.31 76.37 3.09 -. 2.11 9.38 14.07 -. 0.02 0.17 0.01 0 3.2 -. 4.36 199.5 67.95 -. LWS02-2-8 黄铁矿 0.2 192.5 3.76 0.1 8.15 30.93 9.82 0.68 0.03 2.64 -. 0 3.67 1.05 4.19 225.3 36.98 -. LWS02-2-9 黄铁矿 0.28 7.89 1.53 0.02 -. 0.03 18.08 -. 0 0.06 0.1 -. 0.51 0.36 3.9 -. 0.86 0.01 LWS02-2-10 黄铁矿 -. 66.27 4 -. 0.04 0.01 22.14 0.2 0.02 0.01 0.21 -. 0.08 0.92 4.04 100 18.84 0.02 注：-. 表示低于检测限
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表 4 双尖山—狼娃山地区金矿床与其他典型金矿床特征对比
Table 4. Comparison of characteristics between gold deposits in the Shuangjianshan-Langwashan area and other typical gold deposits
对比
项目双尖山 大红泉 狼娃山 低硫型浅成
低温热液型矿床造山型矿床 控矿
构造压扭性断裂 韧性剪切带 压扭性断裂 破火山口和火山穹丘系统，与火山活动中心的各种断裂关系密切 韧脆性剪切带、
褶皱转折端等赋矿
地质体浅变质的火山岩或
钾长花岗岩花岗闪长岩、构造蚀变岩 安山质角砾熔岩、流纹
斑岩和英安质凝灰岩中新生代陆相的钙碱性火山岩，
少数为古生代无特定的岩性，可产于
各个时代的变质地体中金属
矿物（含金）黄铁矿、黄铜矿、自
然金及少量毒砂、辉锑矿
和辉钼矿等黄铁矿和黄铜矿等 以自然银、自然金、黄铁矿、褐铁矿、磁铁矿、赤铁矿为主，黄铜矿、毒砂次之 黄铁矿、自然金、银金矿、闪锌矿、方铅矿、毒砂等 以黄铁矿为主，少量自然金、黄铜矿、毒砂、磁黄铁矿、
方铅矿、闪锌矿非金属
矿物石英、方解石、绢云母、长石、角闪石、绿泥石等 石英、方解石、绢云母、长石、绿泥石等 以石英脉为主，方解石和
绢云母次之石英、玉髓、方解石、冰长石、绢云母等 石英、铁白云石、方解石、
绿泥石、斜长石、绢云母、
电气石围岩
蚀变硅化、绢云母化、绿帘石化、绿泥石化、碳酸盐化、黄铁矿化、毒砂化、黄钾铁矾化等 硅化、高岭土化、绿泥石化、
褪色化等硅化、绢云母化、黄铁矿化、褐铁矿化、青磐岩化等 冰长石化、硅化、绢英岩化、黄铁矿化、碳酸盐化、青磐岩化等 硅化、绿泥石化、黑云母化、钠长石化、电气石化、
碳酸盐化等流体
性质中低温、还原性、低盐度 中低温、还原性、低盐度 中低温、还原性、低盐度 100~350℃，低温，相对还原、近中性流体，盐度＜5%~10% 温度变化范围大（200~
650℃），还原性、近中性
流体，盐度＜6%成矿
深度较浅 较深 较浅 0.05~1.5 km 2~20 km 流体
来源大气降水为主 变质流体为主，可能混有大气降水 大气降水为主 大气降水±岩浆水 变质流体为主 物质
来源岩浆硫+地层硫 岩浆硫 岩浆硫 地层源±岩浆源 地层源±岩浆源 微量元
素特征Co/Ni=6.19（n=15） Co/Ni=0.33（n=19） Co/Ni=14.28（n=18） Co/Ni>1 Co/Ni＜0.5 资料
来源本文 本文 本文 Hedenquist et al., 2000; Simmons and Browne, 2000; Sillitoe and Hedenguist, 2003. Kerrich et al., 2000；陈衍景等，2007；李洪梁和李光明，2019
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