Research progress on the relationship between international hydraulic fracturing and earthquakes and suggestions for geological work
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摘要:
水力压裂技术是开采致密气、煤层气、页岩油气、干热岩等资源的一项关键技术，随着中国页岩气主产区四川盆地及周缘规模化工业开采活动的不断推进，水力压裂等工作量激增，关于水力压裂是否诱发地震的问题受到各界高度关注。综述了国际水力压裂诱发地震风险的研究进展，梳理了国际上采取的有效风险防控措施，研究表明，水力压裂通过高压注入流体使岩石产生裂缝，不可避免地会导致微震活动发生；水力压裂诱发地震活动机理研究取得进展，为风险防控提供基础；水力压裂对三级以上地震活动影响有限，自然地震较少的地区人为地震活动记录也较少；水力压裂诱发微地震可能有助于释放累积的地应力或能量，降低大震风险；目前国际上水力压裂对地震的影响尚未量化。国际上已实施了应对水力压裂诱发地震风险的工程措施、法律制度、管理措施、技术研发等系列有效防控措施。对中国页岩油气、干热岩等资源开发提出建议：加强断裂构造调查评价，将水力压裂控制在距断层一定距离以内；加强微震监测，开展水力压裂地震危害评估；加强关键科学问题研究；加大公众科普宣传力度。
Abstract:Hydraulic fracturing is a key technique for exploiting resources, such as tight gas, coal seam gas, shale oil and gas, hot dry rock, and so on.With the continuous large-scale industrial exploitation activities in China's main shale gas producing areas Sichuan Basin and its surrounding areas, and increasing workloads on hydraulic fracturing, the public has paid high attention to the issue of whether earthquakes could be induced by hydraulic fracturing. This paper reviews recent progress in studies of international hydraulic fracturing inducing earthquake risk and summarizes the effective risk prevention and control measures in the world. Results show that hydraulic fracturing can cause rock fracture by injecting fluid at high pressure, which will inevitably lead to microseismic activity; progress has been made in the mechanism of hydraulic fracturing-induced seismicity, which provides a basis for risk prevention and control; the influence of hydraulic fracturing on the seismicity above magnitude three is limited, and the records of artificial seismicity in areas with less natural earthquakes are also relatively less; the micro earthquake induced by hydraulic fracturing may help to release the accumulated crustal stress or energy and reduce the risk of large earthquakes; at present, the influence of hydraulic fracturing on earthquake has not been quantified. A series of effective prevention and control measures, such as engineering measures, legal systems, management measures, technical research and development, have been implemented to deal with the seismic risk caused by hydraulic fracturing. We propose some suggestions for resources development of shale oil and gas and dry hot rock in China: strengthen the investigation and evaluation of fault structure, and control the hydraulic fracturing at a certain distance from the fault; reinforce microseismic monitoring and carry out seismic hazard assessment of hydraulic fracturing; enhancing in scientific research on key scientific issues and increasing the publicity of public science.
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Key words:
- shale gas /
- hydraulic fracturing /
- earthquake /
- risk prevention and control
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图 1 水力压裂原理与地震关系示意图(据Li et al., 2020)
Figure 1.
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