Geochemical Characteristics and Genesis of the Kujinggou Graphite Deposit in Weining Beishan, Ningxia
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摘要:
库井沟石墨矿床位于宁夏卫宁北山–内蒙古阿拉善左旗南部地区，矿体赋存于下石炭统臭牛沟组区域变质岩中，原岩为滨浅海相陆源碎屑岩和碳酸盐岩沉积建造。矿体产状与地层产状近于一致，呈平行层状分布于变质石英砂岩中，走向近东西。矿石主要为含石墨碳质板岩，固定碳含量平均为5.53%。石墨主要呈不规则鳞片状单晶或呈块状聚晶集合体产出，多数大于1 μm。石墨矿石整体表现为低Si、低碱、高烧矢量的特点，大离子亲石元素Rb、Ba、Sr富集石墨矿石∑REE为101×10−6～137×10−6，平均为117×10−6，围岩的∑REE为42×10−6。石墨矿石和围岩的稀土元素分异程度较高，轻稀土元素明显富集，并都具有δEu和δCe负异常。石墨矿石的C同位素值变化很小，集中在−24.3‰～−24.0‰，表明库井沟矿床中碳质来源主要为有机物，并掺杂部分无机碳。库井沟石墨矿床属于区域变质型，滨浅海相–泻湖相沉积建造是其形成的物质基础，石墨的形成与区域变质变形作用密切相关。
Abstract:The Kujinggou graphite deposit is located in the southern area of Weining Beishan, Ningxia and Alashan Zuoqi, Inner Mongolia. The ore body is hosted in the regional metamorphic rocks of the Lower Carboniferous Chouniugou Formation, and the original rocks are sedimentary construction of shallow marine terrestrial clastic and carbonate rocks. The ore body is distributed in parallel layers in the metamorphic quartz sandstone, which is basically consistent with the stratigraphic production, with a near east-west orientation. The ore is mainly graphite-bearing carbonaceous slate with an average fixed carbon content of 5.53%. Graphite is mainly produced as irregularly scaled single crystals or as massive polycrystalline assemblages, mostly larger than 1 μm. Graphite ore is characterized by low Si, low alkali and high LOI as a whole, and trace element analysis shows enrichment of Rb, Ba and Sr. The ∑REE of graphite ore ranges from 101×10−6 to 137×10−6, with an average of 117×10−6, and the ∑REE of the host rocks is 42×10−6. The REE distribution patterns of both graphite ore and host rocks are high on the left and low on the right, and the ∑REE in graphite ore is higher than that in host rocks, which shows a high degree of REE differentiation in ore and host rocks in general, and a significant enrichment of LREE. The negative anomalies of Eu and Ce are obvious. The carbon isotope values of the graphite ore vary very little and are concentrated between −24.3‰ and −24.0‰, indicating that the carbonaceous source is mainly organic with some inorganic carbon involved. The genesis type of this deposit is regional metamorphic, and the shallow marine and lagoonal sedimentary environment makes the material basis for the graphite formation in Kujinggou, graphite formation is closely related to regional metamorphic deformation
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Key words:
- graphite deposit /
- carbon isotope /
- ore genesis /
- Kujinggou /
- Weining Beishan
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图 7 石墨矿石La/Yb-∑REE图解（底图据Allegre et al., 1978）
Figure 7.
图 8 石墨矿石Ba-Sr图解（底图据王仁民等，1986）
Figure 8.
表 1 库井沟矿区晶质石墨矿矿体特征一览表
Table 1. Characteristics of orebodies in the Kujinggou graphite deposit
矿体
编号矿石
类型赋矿标
高（m）埋藏深
度（m）规模（m） 厚度 厚度变化
系数（%）矿体
形态产状（°） C固 品位（%） 品位变化
系数（%）长度 斜深 最小－
最大平均倾向 倾角 最小－
最大平均Ⅰ 晶质
（鳞片）
状石墨1255 ～1340 44 2103 110～721 2.19～53.0119.73 68.23 似层状 0 0～14 3.04～8.974.87 52.88 Ⅱ 1201 ～1325 102 2200 136～ 1080 2.00～123.2037.78 62.05 似层状 0 0～20 3.03～7.524.34 48.49 Ⅲ 1180 ～1248 159 400 150～322 2.00～50.4825.23 66.21 透镜状 0 2～14 4.11～7.525.50 61.35 Ⅳ 1270 ～1320 56 400 100～358 43.92～85.1757.84 24.49 透镜状 0 4～10 3.86～5.244.54 50.31 
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表 2 库井沟石墨矿床矿石主量元素测试结果（%）
Table 2. Major element compositions of ore in Kujinggou graphite deposit (%)
样品号 位置（m） SiO2 CaO MgO Al2O3 TFe2O3 K2O Na2O P2O5 TiO2 V2O5 固定碳 ZK704-DH1 33.60 55.09 0.43 1.52 19.63 6.83 3.49 0.86 0.256 0.43 0.018 2.57 ZK806-DH2 27.90 53.42 0.44 1.83 20.05 7.08 2.84 1.09 0.214 0.39 0.018 2.27 ZK808-DH1 136.40 51.25 0.61 1.83 17.85 7.62 2.89 3.26 0.298 0.39 0.019 2.39 ZK2302-DH2 63.50 53.07 0.42 1.59 18.61 7.01 2.91 2.75 0.335 0.45 0.017 2.41 ZK1506-DH1 162.90 55.73 0.39 1.48 20.60 7.50 3.04 1.50 0.197 0.35 0.021 2.25 ZK1508-DH1 109.77 55.17 0.36 1.63 20.15 5.76 3.28 0.89 0.177 0.49 0.020 2.56 ZK008-DH1 114.00 55.82 0.65 1.82 19.55 6.73 2.99 0.99 0.210 0.40 0.017 2.48 ZK1504-DH1 127.40 54.28 0.33 1.54 20.20 6.77 2.86 1.14 0.270 0.33 0.017 2.58 ZK706-DH1 68.50 55.61 0.29 1.30 20.55 5.04 3.68 0.93 0.213 0.52 0.017 2.51 ZK2001-DH1 106.77 54.34 0.39 1.80 20.19 7.07 3.03 1.09 0.242 0.36 0.019 2.57 ZK2306-DH1 86.20 54.00 0.81 1.64 17.61 7.52 2.60 2.74 0.240 0.41 0.017 2.22 ZK1104-DH1 70.60 70.98 1.99 1.32 10.76 3.99 1.87 0.48 0.072 0.44 0.013 0.51 ZK1105-DH1 83.10 55.94 1.38 2.30 19.97 6.99 2.81 1.25 0.178 0.72 0.030 1.82 XL XT DH-1 36.00 50.43 1.60 1.27 14.40 2.29 2.74 0.88 0.31 0.58 0.19 10.72 XL XT DH-2 55.70 63.33 0.33 0.33 10.66 1.74 1.74 0.32 0.37 0.42 0.12 10.65 XL XT DH-3 49.10 53.42 0.88 0.57 8.56 7.37 1.63 1.59 0.25 0.40 0.08 11.52 XL XT DH-4 38.00 44.22 0.17 0.49 19.82 4.97 3.36 1.09 0.13 0.73 0.049 4.81 XL XT DH-5 53.10 45.71 0.24 0.51 9.18 12.71 2.69 0.84 0.08 0.29 0.11 12.06
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表 3 库井沟石墨矿床含矿岩石微量元素分析结果（10−6）
Table 3. Trace elements compositions of graphite ore of the Kujinggou graphite deposit (10−6)
元素 ZK305-1 ZK305-2 ZK1104-1 ZK1104-2 ZK1104-3 ZK1104-4 ZK1105-1 ZK1105-2 ZK1105-3 ZK307-1 ZK307-2 ZK306-1 ZK306-2 Rb 184.5 73.8 110.0 204.3 154.8 168.1 153.7 94.5 127.2 113.8 159.5 162.0 110.8 Sr 146.1 72.9 87.7 432.3 264.2 221.9 580.1 206.4 87.4 86.8 136.5 121.0 87.5 Ba 682.1 264.4 399.9 740.7 608.2 615.6 546 342.4 489.7 430.1 628.4 671.3 441.6 Nb 20.2 / 17.4 20.8 21.9 22.8 20.8 / 17.2 16.4 20.9 20.4 15.6 Zr 179.3 165.6 208.5 198.8 238.6 238 225.8 202.5 274.6 274.1 226.4 233.6 200.5 V 72.2 21.3 32.3 88.0 77.4 86.1 95.7 44.9 32.6 31.5 76.0 86.0 36.0 Cr 81.9 33.7 59.5 84.0 82.7 92.9 98.3 50.9 51.9 50.8 82.3 81.7 45.2 Co 18.3 9.7 14.9 8.7 12.2 11.4 17 16.7 11.1 12 21.1 17.7 13.9 Ni 40.8 18.2 22.6 10.5 34.9 17 42.3 25.9 17.9 19.6 40.7 39.5 21.8 Y 37.2 16.5 21.3 36.1 35.7 34.2 34.6 17.9 20 19.2 29.3 32.7 17.7 La 63 / 50.4 84.8 76.9 65.6 66.7 / 54.4 50.8 63.6 63.9 / P 780.3 528.9 786 841.9 1407.6 706.1 1111.3 711 549.3 467.8 860 800.7 542.8 Ti 4910 2780 4100 5640 5620 5710 5380 3800 4320 4280 5230 5320 3660 Rb/Sr 1.26 1.01 1.25 0.47 0.59 0.76 0.26 0.46 1.46 1.31 1.17 1.34 1.27 Sr/Ba 0.21 0.28 0.22 0.58 0.43 0.36 1.06 0.60 0.18 0.20 0.22 0.18 0.20 Ni/Co 2.23 1.88 1.52 1.21 2.86 1.49 2.49 1.55 1.61 1.63 1.93 2.23 1.57 V/Cr 1.13 1.58 1.84 0.95 1.07 1.08 1.03 1.13 1.59 1.61 1.08 0.95 1.26
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表 4 库井沟石墨矿床含矿岩石系稀土元素分析结果（10−6）
Table 4. Rare earth elements compositions of graphite ore of the Kujinggou graphite deposit （10−6）
样品号 La Ce Pr Nd Sm Cd Eu Tb Dy Ho Er Tm Yb Lu Y XL XT DH-1 30.5 32.5 9.69 30.2 6.07 5.50 1.56 1.07 3.63 1.00 2.39 0.47 2.47 0.54 18.2 XL XT DH-2 32.2 13.1 8.94 27.3 264.2 5.62 1.39 1.00 2.70 0.59 1.34 0.26 1.26 0.28 10.5 XL XT DH-3 31.5 31.8 10.6 35.1 21.9 6.41 1.64 1.23 4.45 1.21 2.82 0.55 2.52 0.55 24.2 XL XT DH-4 11.1 10.2 3.08 9.27 238.6 1.38 0.39 0.30 1.36 0.43 1.11 0.24 1.17 0.26 8.15 XL XT DH-5 15.3 16.7 8.68 26.2 1.07 3.68 1.05 0.77 2.90 0.79 1.81 0.35 1.57 0.34 15.3
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表 5 库井沟石墨矿床矿石碳同位素组成测试结果
Table 5. Carbon isotope compositions of graphite ores in the Kujinggou deposit
序号 样品岩性 δ13C（‰） 1 含石墨碳质板岩 −24.0 2 含石墨碳质板岩 −24.3 3 含石墨碳质板岩 −24.3 4 含石墨碳质板岩 −24.3 5 含石墨碳质板岩 −24.2
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