Review on Eco-hydrological Processes of Groundwater-dependent Vegetation in NW China: Progress and Outlook
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摘要:
植被与地下水之间的关系是人与自然和谐共生的关键科学问题。西北旱区广泛分布地下水依赖型植被，部分地区人类活动造成的水位下降已超过其生态水位阈值，导致生态功能受损，甚至植被大面积枯死，严重威胁区域经济社会可持续发展。笔者基于国内外在区域地下水依赖型植被的识别、生态韧性评价、植被－地下水协同演化以及地下水生态水位确定等4个方面的最新研究进展，总结了当前研究存在的主要问题和亟待解决的难题，并指出未来研究应当关注的重点方向。综合分析表明，西北地区流域尺度地下水依赖型植被的识别研究相对较少，而对识别结果进行地面验证的稳定同位素方法还需改进；生态韧性研究多注重地表生态与环境指标，而忽略了地下水、根系布等地下指标，缺少基于抵抗力、恢复力和适应力的生态韧性综合评价，以定性评价为主的研究不能满足生态保护修复的需要；植被−地下水协同演化研究受限于不能精准探测根系变化，根系动态探测技术及刻画根系-水源协同变化的模型有待进一步发展；生态水位主要是基于现状条件确定的静态水位，对受降水和地下水侧向补给影响下的水位变化空间差异以及植物自身适应性考虑不足，还需研究外界条件改变下的动态生态水位。通过梳理西北地区地下水依赖型植被生态水文过程研究进展，指出当前研究的薄弱研究环节和面临的问题，为进一步开展西北旱区生态水文理论研究与实践提供了依据。
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关键词:
- 地下水依赖型植被 /
- 西北地区 /
- 生态韧性 /
- 生态水位 /
- 植被与地下水相互作用
Abstract:The relationship between groundwater and vegetation is crucial to achieve a harmonious balance between human and the natural environment. Groundwater-dependent vegetation (GDV) is extensively distributed in the arid and semi-arid regions of Northwest China. In certain areas, the decline in water table levels due to human activities has fallen below ecological water level thresholds, leading to the degradation of ecological functions and, in some cases, widespread vegetation die-off. Therefore, the sustainable development of the region's economy and society is under significant threat. A comprehensive review was conducted concerning GDV mapping, ecological resilience assessment, groundwater-vegetation co-evolution, and ecological water table. Through this review, the main challenges and urgent issues that need to be addressed in current research have been summarized, and future research directions were outlined. The review revealed limited research on GDV mapping at the watershed scale in Northwest China, highlighting the need for further refinement on the stable isotope method for ground validation of mapping results. Current studies on resilience focus on surface ecology and ecological indicators overlook underground indicators, such as groundwater and root distribution, and lack a comprehensive evaluation based on resistance, recovery, and adaptability. Qualitative assessments of ecological resilience prevail in current research, falling short of meeting the requirements for effective ecological conservation and restoration. Challenges in researching the co-evolution of vegetation and groundwater arise from the difficulty in accurately detecting changes in root systems. Further studies are warranted to develop root detection methods and three-dimensional models for simulating the co-evolution of roots and water sources. Concerning ecological water tables, the focus remains on static water levels determined by current conditions, with insufficient consideration of spatial variations in precipitation and lateral groundwater flow as well as plant self-adaptation. Additional research is essential to establish dynamic ecological water levels under varying external conditions. This review aims to summarize the progress and future prospects of research on eco-hydrological processes of GDV, addressing the weak research areas. By doing so, it aims to provide a robust scientific foundation for further theoretical research and practical applications on eco-hydrology in NW China.
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图 2 植物根系与不同地下水位埋深关系示意图（Rohde et al., 2017）
Figure 2.
图 3 典型地下水依赖型植被的适生与极限水位（据张阳阳等, 2020）
Figure 3.
表 1 地下水生态水位确定方法一览表
Table 1. Methods for determining groundwater ecological water level
方法 关键指标 计算方法或模型 野外调查与统计法 植被特征参数（覆盖度、多样性）、
地下水埋深非线性二次曲线模型（如高斯模型、对数正态模型等） 生态水文模型法 植被指数、地下水埋深、土壤含水量 通过饱和非饱和模拟建立地下水位与植被耗水量的关系 毛细上升高度、根系长度 毛细上升高度与根系长度之和 遥感统计分析法 地下水埋深、植被指数（NDVI或是EVI） 分析植被指数与地下水埋深的统计关系 同位素分析法 植物水、土壤水和地下水氢氧同位素 直接比较法或是模型计算（线性端元混合模型、
贝叶斯混合模型）
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