Application of Integrated Geophysical Prospecting Method in Steep Seam Goaf: A Case Study of The Closed Coal Mine in Xishan Area, Urumqi
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摘要:
城市边缘关闭煤矿遗留下的大量采空区严重威胁生产生活安全，查明采空区的分布情况是进行治理工作的前提和基础。笔者以乌鲁木齐市西山地区关闭煤矿急倾斜煤层采空区为研究对象，综合分析采空区及围岩地质特征、干扰背景，常用物探方法抗干扰性、适用性和局限性，优选高密度电法、微动勘探、等值反磁通瞬变电磁和重力4种方法进行综合物探勘查，在区内查明两条采空区带，向深部延伸50～450 m，均处于充水状态，经钻探验证结果可靠。总结了“低阻–低速”、“高阻–低速”、“低重–低速”等参数组合与采空区不同赋存状况的对应关系，说明笔者提出的方法技术组合可在类似采空区探测中发挥作用。
Abstract:A large number of goafs left behind by the closed coal mines at the edge of cities seriously threaten the safety of production and life. Finding out the distribution of goafs is the premise and basis for governance. This paper takes the goaf of steep coal seam in Xishan area of Urumqi as the research target, comprehensively analyzes the geological characteristics and interference background of the goaf and surrounding rock, the anti-interference, applicability and limitations of common geophysical methods, and selects four methods for integrated geophysical exploration: multi-electrode resistivity method, microtremor survey(MS), opposing coils transient electromagnetic(OCTE) and gravity exploration. Two goaf zones were found in the area, extending 50-450 m to the depth, both in a water filled state and proved reliable by drilling. The corresponding relationship between the parameter combinations of "low resistance low speed", "high resistance low speed", "low weight low speed" and different occurrence conditions of goaf is summarized. It shows that the method and technology combination proposed in this paper can play a role in similar goaf detection.
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表 1 急倾斜煤层特点及其采空区特征对照表
Table 1. Comparison table of characteristics of steep seam seams and goaf
序号 急倾斜煤层特征 对应采空区特点 1 埋深大，基岩或煤层上部覆盖层密实度差，黄土湿陷严重 覆盖层极易随下部采空区发展而发生垮塌，稳定性较差，难以在地表形成稳定“拱”，沿走向方向出现条带状或串珠状塌陷坑 2 多为不稳定复杂煤层，厚度变化大，通常各种厚度煤层（薄、中厚、厚及特厚）均有分布 采空区在顶板方向变形普遍较剧烈，采空宽度通常大于煤层厚度 3 产状复杂，倾角变化较大，煤层分布沿倾向方向向地下延伸深度较大，可采煤层自煤层露头延伸至地下上千米范围 随着煤层开采深度不断增大，采空区范围逐渐向顶板方向发展，而底板方向基本处于稳定状态，采空区平面分布呈不对称状态。采空区竖向上深度和厚度分布范围较大, 自然垮落时间变化较大，稳定时间漫长 4 地下水在竖向分布上连续性好，平面分布连续性差；由于产状陡倾，不同煤层间水力联系少，煤矿开采受地下水影响相对较小 由于上部未采煤层和顶底板垮落的双重影响，采空区实际都分布有充填物，因富水状况不同导致充填状况复杂，无明显规律 
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表 2 研究区地层岩性物性参数统计表
Table 2. Statistic table of physical parameters of formation lithology in the research area
地层 岩性 电阻率（Ω·m） 纵波速（m/s） 方法 变化范围 常见值 变化范围 常见值 Q 砂砾石土 200～250 250 1200 ～1500 1500 统计测井成果 J 泥岩 30～60 30 2500 ～3500 2500 泥质粉砂岩 30～150 75 1500 ～3500 3000 粉砂岩 60～130 105 2 000～ 4000 3000 细砂岩 60～150 130 3000 ～4000 3200 砂岩 40～250 150 3000 ～4500 3500 煤层 65～250 180 1000 ～3000 2000 采空区 ＜15 ＜ 1000
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表 3 投入主要物探仪器信息表
Table 3. Information table of the main geophysical instrument
序号 设备名称 型号 产地 1 瞬变电磁仪 Terra TEM 美国LAUREL（劳雷）公司 2 高密度电法仪 DUK-4 重庆地质仪器厂 3 高精度重力仪 CG-5 加拿大scintrex（先达利）公司 4 智能微动勘探系统 CN209 中科大国为 5 等值反磁通瞬变电磁仪 HPTEM-18 湖南五维地质科技有限公司
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表 4 各方法主要施工参数及资料处理解释
Table 4. Acquisition parameters and data processing and interpretation
探测方法 主要施工参数 资料处理解释 高密度电阻率法 采集装置：维纳（对称四极）装置；
供电电压：220～300 V；供电时间：0.5 s；
停供时间：0.1 s；电极距：10 m；
测线5长度：500～1100 m坏点剔除、加载地形、视电阻率
反演、网格化成图等微动探测 矩阵类型：十字型；矩阵半径：50 m；
检波器频率：2 Hz；采集频率250 Hz；
采集时间：25 min以上；点距：10 mSPAC法提取频散曲线、半波法经验公式反演、
数据拼接、加载地形等重力 测量方式：采用单程观测法，
早基点–测点–晚基点观测流程，当天闭合；
单点读数时间：45 s；点距：10 m地形改正，高度改正及布格改正，布格重力
异常计算，区域场和剩余重力异常分离等值反磁通瞬变电磁 采集模式：定点模式；发射频率：0.625 Hz；
发射电流：10.5 A；关断时间：65 μs；
叠加次数：200次；重复观测：2次；点距：5～10 m数据剔除、编辑等预处理，抽道，
二维反演，网格化，二、三维显示
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