高纯石英砂提纯技术研究进展

魏娇阳; 刘慧阳; 孙增青; 季志云; 甘敏; 范晓慧

doi:10.12476/kczhly.202412270339

高纯石英砂提纯技术研究进展

1.
中南大学资源加工与生物工程学院，湖南　长沙　410083

2.
金属资源开发利用碳减排教育部工程研究中心，湖南　长沙　410083

基金项目: 国家自然科学基金项目（52474314）

详细信息

作者简介: 魏娇阳（1999-），女，博士研究生，主要从事矿物加工研究

通讯作者: 孙增青（1988-），男，博士，教授，主要从事高纯矿物材料、矿产资源综合利用研究

中图分类号: TD925.6

收稿日期: 2024-12-27

刊出日期: 2025-08-25

Research Progress on Purification Technology for High-purity Quartz Sand

1.
School of Mineral Processing and Bioengineering, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410083, China

2.
Engineering Research Center of Carbon Reduction for Metal Resources Utilization, Ministry of Education, Changsha, Hunan 410083, China

More Information

Corresponding author: SUN Zengqing, sunzengqing@csu.edu.cn

Received Date: 27 December 2024

Publish Date: 25 August 2025

摘要

摘要:
高纯石英砂作为战略性新兴产业如半导体、光伏、光纤通信和新能源等领域的关键基础材料，其生产过程面临着资源和技术上的双重壁垒。概述了不同类型石英矿的原矿特征及其在高纯石英领域的适用性，并介绍了高纯石英砂的矿源分布；总结了石英脉石矿物杂质、包裹体杂质及晶格杂质这三类杂质的赋存形态；围绕石英提纯的典型除杂手段，详细阐述了石英砂浮选、酸浸、热处理各提纯技术的特点、局限性及研究进展；结合高纯石英砂资源开发现状和提纯技术进展，探讨了未来高纯石英砂提纯研究的发展趋势，以期为中国高纯石英砂的自主工业化生产提供参考。
- 高纯石英 /
- 杂质元素 /
- 提纯 /
- 矿业工程
Abstract:
High-purity quartz sand is a crucial building block for strategically important emergent sectors like semiconductors, photovoltaics, fiber optic communications, and new energy. Its production encounters two technological and resource constraints throughout manufacture. This paper systematically introduces the characteristics of raw ore characteristics of different types of quartz ore and their applicability in the field of high purity quartz, and the distribution of high-purity quartz sand. The occurrence forms of quartz impurity are summarized, including mineral impurities, inclusion impurities and lattice impurities. Focusing on typical impurity removal methods for quartz purification, it elaborates on the characteristics, limitations, and research progress of quartz sand flotation, acid leaching, and heat treatment. Based on the research status of high-purity quartz sand resource exploitation and purification technology, the development trend of high-purity quartz sand purification research is discussed, aiming to provide a reference for the independent industrial production of high-purity quartz sand in China.
- high-purity quartz /
- impurity elements /
- purification /
- mining engineering

HTML全文

图 1 α-石英晶体结构^[3]

Figure 1.

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图 2 石英多晶相变^[5]

Figure 2.

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图 3 石英晶格杂质元素的结构^[21]

Figure 3.

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图 4 典型石英提纯工艺流程^[23]

Figure 4.

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图 5 晶体结构杂质氯化反应过程

Figure 5.

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表 1 常见SiO₂同质多象变体^[3]

Table 1. Some common polymorphic variants of SiO₂^[3]

名称	α-石英	β-石英	α-鳞石英	β-鳞石英	α-方石英	β-方石英	奇石英	柯石英	斯石英
晶型	三方晶系	六方晶系	正方晶系	六方晶系	四方晶系	等轴晶系	四方晶系	单斜晶系	四方晶系

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表 2 石英矿床类型、成因及应用特点^[6-8]

Table 2. Quartz deposit types, genesis and application characteristics ^[6-8]

类型	形成条件	特点	应用
天然水晶	常于岩洞、岩石裂缝或节理、断层中自然生长形成	生长条件苛刻，矿床规模小、储量小	曾经是高纯石英原料，目前主要为水晶工艺品原料
脉石英	常于岩浆热液活动过程中由热液中的二氧化硅冷却凝固结晶形成	矿体呈不规则脉状、产状陡，开采困难；矿床规模较小、储量小；致密块状构造，矿物成分单一	SiO₂含量99.0%～99.9%产品原料，高纯石英的重要原料
花岗伟晶岩石英	常由深部岩浆在地壳中结晶而成	矿床规模较大，石英杂质少	高纯石英的主要原料
粉石英	自然风化、淋滤、碎解等特殊地质条件下形成的沉积风化型矿床	矿床规模较小，SiO₂含量通常为95%～99%，粉状、疏松多孔，自然白度高，容易超细粉碎加工	常作为陶瓷原料、硅微粉填料等
石英砂岩	经过沉积作用固结的砂质沉积岩	矿床规模较大，产状稳定，开采条件较好，SiO₂含量一般大于95%，其中胶结物成分比较复杂	SiO₂99%±产品原料，适合生产高纯石英的原料较少
石英岩	由石英砂岩或其他硅质岩经区域变质作用或热接触变质作用形	矿床有规模大，资源丰富，地质产状稳定、开采条件较好，SiO₂含量一般在 90%以上	金属硅、SiO₂99%±产品的原料，全岩的SiO₂含量较高时可作为高纯石英的原料
天然石英砂	由石英砂岩、石英岩等母岩经自然界长期风化形成沉积砂矿床	矿床规模较大，天然粒度适中，开采简单；杂质成分比较多	SiO₂ 99%±产品的原料

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表 3 美国尤尼明IOTA-CG石英砂杂质含量^[9]单位：g/t

Table 3. Impurity content of Unimin IOTA-CG quartz sand from the USA

Al	B	Ca	Cr	Cu	Fe	K	Li	Mg	Mn	Na	Ni	P	Ti
14	0.10	0.60	0.007 0	0.019	0.30	0.70	0.50	0.040	0.029	1.0	0.001 0	0.10	1.2

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表 4 主要脉石矿物及其杂质元素^{[3, 17]}

Table 4. Main gangue minerals and their impurity elements ^{[3, 17]}

矿物种类	主要杂质元素
云母、粘土	Al、Mg、K
方解石、萤石	Ca
赤铁矿、黄铁矿	Fe
金红石、锐钛矿	Ti
钠长石、钾长石、透辉石	Al、Na、K

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