RESEARCH AND APPLICATION OF PERMAFROST DETECTION BASED ON ELECTRICAL RESISTIVITY TOMOGRAPHY
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摘要:
多年冻土退化后，融区周期性冻结和融化作用会严重损害输油管道的稳定性. 为查明原油管道埋设区多年冻土分布、发育现状，计划分别采用二维、三维高密度电法进行探测. 为了进一步研究高密度电法不同探测方式的有效性和冻土的电阻率响应特征，首先在管道下部空间建立未融化、半融化、贯穿融化3种模型，采用EarthImager 2D和EarthImager 3D软件进行有限单元法正演和圆滑约束的最小二乘法反演; 随后根据数值模拟结果，对比研究3种模型电阻率响应特征及反演结果的差异性，总结二维、三维高密度电法勘探效果; 最后利用勘探实例进一步验证. 结果表明，高密度电法在多年冻土探测领域是一种行之有效的方法: 二维高密度电法对未融化、贯穿融化探测效果优于半融化状态; 三维高密度电法采集数据更加丰富，目标体形态展示更加直观精细，反演结果更加接近理论模型，适用各种冻土融化状态. 野外实例进一步验证了数值模拟结果，三维高密度电法的应用也对多年冻土精细探测领域提供了新思路.
Abstract:After degradation of permafrost, the periodic freezing and melting in thawing areas will seriously damage the stability of oil pipelines. The 2D and 3D electrical resistivity tomography(ERT) are used respectively to detect the distribution and development status of permafrost in the buried area of crude oil pipelines. To further study the effectiveness of different exploration modes of ERT and resistivity response characteristics of permafrost, firstly, three models for unthawed, half-thawed and through-thawed permafrost are established in the space beneath the pipeline, and EarthImager 2D and EarthImager 3D software are applied for the forward modeling of finite element method and smoothness constrained least-squares inversion. On the basis of numerical simulation results, then, the resistivity response characteristics and differences of inversion results between the three models are compared and the exploration effects of 2D and 3D ERT are summarized. Finally, the results are further verified by exploration practice. The results show that the ERT is an effective method in permafrost survey. The detection effect of 2D ERT on the unthawed and through-thawed permafrost is better than on half-thawed permafrost. The data collected by 3D ERT is more abundant, the display of object morphology is more intuitive and precise, and the inversion results are closer to the theoretical model, which is suitable for permafrost of various melting states. The field examples further verify the numerical simulation results, and the application of 3D ERT also provides a new idea in the field of permafrost fine detection.
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Key words:
- electrical resistivity tomography /
- 2D model /
- 3D model /
- permafrost /
- crude oil pipeline
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表 1 冻土区第四系冻土电阻率统计表
Table 1. Resistivity statistics of the Quaternary permafrost in permafrost region
岩性 含冰量 电阻率/Ωm 冻结 非冻结 黏性土 少冰冻土 200~400 20~100 多冰冻土 400~900 富冰冻土 900~2000 饱冰冻土 2000~5000 含土冰层 ＞5000 据文献[11]. 
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表 2 不同温度下岩心电阻率统计表
Table 2. Statistics of core resistivity at different temperatures
样品编号 采样深度/m 岩性 电阻率/Ωm 常温 -3~ -5 ℃ -15~ -18 ℃ 4-1 10.10 泥岩 857.9 3133.5 15733.1 4-2 14.35 粉细砂岩 1829.7 6677 33261 1-1 23.3 中细粒长石岩屑砂岩 3182.8 11351.6 72129.9 1-2 28.15 粉砂质泥岩 2578.2 17999.2 34647.2 1-3 42.05 粉砂岩 2426.7 9209.7 30603.4 1-4 65.05 粉细砂岩 3197.5 14440.5 29379.3 1-5 78.7 细粒岩屑砂岩 3926.2 17713.2 32321 1-6 83.85 中粒岩屑砂岩 2885.1 13353.6 42678.3 据文献[13, 20].
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表 3 二维反演过程收敛误差统计表
Table 3. Statistics of convergence error in 2D inversion process
模型 迭代次数 1 2 3 4 5 6 未融化 拟合误差/% 21.43 13.41 3.03 2.44 2.13 1.94 二阶范数L2 114.77 44.93 2.30 1.48 1.13 0.94 半融化 拟合误差/% 20.77 13.29 2.63 2.31 2.08 1.92 二阶范数L2 107.89 44.17 1.78 1.33 1.08 0.92 贯穿融化 拟合误差/% 20.27 12.83 2.81 2.38 2.11 1.86 二阶范数L2 102.72 41.18 1.97 1.42 1.11 0.87
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表 4 三维反演过程收敛误差统计表
Table 4. Statistics of convergence error in 3D inversion process
模型 次数 1 2 3 未融化 拟合误差/% 13.8 5.4 4 二阶范数L2 5.3 1.1 0.6 半融化 拟合误差/% 14.7 5.7 3.8 二阶范数L2 7.7 1.2 0.6 贯穿融化 拟合误差/% 5.1 3.5 二阶范数L2 1.3 0.5
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