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摘要:
铅锌是现代社会经济发展的关键基础原料，随着经济的快速增长导致铅锌的需求量不断增加，复杂难选铅锌矿产资源的高效回收利用愈发紧迫。分析了铅锌矿物可浮性易变、有用矿物易粉碎或单体解离困难、伴生有用组分分离回收复杂、难免金属离子干扰及矿泥恶化矿浆环境对铅锌矿选矿的影响。总结归纳了碎磨工艺流程、选别工艺流程、选矿药剂及选矿设备的研究应用进展。据此指出：由传统的破碎、球磨组成的多碎少磨工艺流程，引入棒磨、半自磨、搅拌磨及高压辊磨等，形成各具特色的碎磨工艺流程，成为了铅锌选矿实现简化流程、节能降耗及扩产增能的重要途径；浮选仍是铅锌矿选矿最有效且应用最广的选矿方法，充分利用矿物自然可浮性差异，选择合适的浮选工艺是矿物高效选别分离的关键，以浮选为主，联合重选、磁选、拣选及冶炼等工艺，充分发挥联合工艺的优势，是铅锌选矿的重要发展趋势；研究应用新型选矿药剂、常规选矿药剂组合使用，尤其是研发捕收性能强兼具选择性好的捕收剂，以及环保、低成本、高效的抑制剂和活化剂，一直是铅锌矿清洁高效选别回收利用的根本保障；结合矿石性质及选矿厂生产规模，合理使用半自磨机、高压辊磨机、移动破碎站、搅拌磨机及浮选柱等，对提升资源利用率、提高生产效率、降低生产成本及推进节能减排等具有重要意义。
Abstract:Lead and zinc are key basic raw materials for modern social and economic development. With the rapid growth of the economy, the demand for lead and zinc increases gradually, and the efficient recycling and utilization of complex lead and zinc mineral resources is becoming increasingly urgent. The effects of the variable floatability of lead-zinc minerals, overgrinding or dissociation difficulty for useful minerals, complex separation and recovery of associated useful components, metal ions, and deterioration of slurry environment by ore mud in lead-zinc beneficiation are reviewed. The research and application progress of the crushing and grinding process, beneficiation process, beneficiation reagents, and beneficiation equipment are summarized. Based on this, it is pointed out that the traditional crushing and ball milling process, consisting of more crushing and less grinding, brings in rod milling, semi-automatic milling, stirring milling, and high-pressure roller milling, forming unique crushing and grinding processes, and has become an important way to simplify the process, save energy, reduce consumption, expand production and increase capacity in lead-zinc beneficiation. Flotation is still the most effective and widely used beneficiation method for lead-zinc ore. Base on the differences in the natural floatability of minerals, a suitable flotation process is the key to efficient separation of minerals. flotation as the main method, combined with gravity separation, magnetic separation, sorting separation, and smelting, and fully utilizing the advantages of combined processes are an important development trend for lead-zinc beneficiation. The research and application of novel reagents and the combination of conventional reagents, especially the collectors with strong collection performance and good selectivity, as well as environmentally friendly, low-cost, and efficient inhibitors and activators, are always been the basic guarantee for clean and efficient recovery of lead-zinc ore. Combining the properties of the ore and the production scale of the beneficiation plant, the suitable uses of semi-automatic mills, high-pressure roller mills, mobile crusher stations, stirring mills, and flotation columns, are of great significance in improving resource utilization and production efficiency, reducing production costs, and promoting energy conservation and emission reduction.
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表 1 硫化铅锌矿传统浮选工艺原则流程特点
Table 1. Characteristics of traditional flotation processes principle flow for lead-zinc sulfide ores
浮选工艺 工艺特点 适用范围 优先浮选 按铅锌矿物的可浮性好坏，依次进行铅锌矿物的浮选分离。铅矿物、锌矿物分别在各自的选别循环回收，流程对矿石性质适应能力强、稳定性好 铅锌含量较高，铅锌矿物间嵌布粒度粗且
共生关系不密切，磨矿时宜单体解离全混合浮选流程 铅锌矿物等以混合精矿选出，再分离得到单一的精矿产品。混合浮选能及时抛尾，可减少浮选设备及降低药剂消耗；但混合精矿中矿物表面覆盖有大量浮选药剂，再浮选分离较为困难 铅锌含量较低，铅锌矿物嵌布粒度细且
共生关系密切，磨矿时铅锌矿物易成连生体部分混合浮选流程 铅锌矿石中混合浮选部分要回收的矿物，并抑制其它矿物，然后再活化浮选其它要回收的矿物；先浮出的混合精矿再浮选分离得到单一的精矿产品 矿石中几种矿物可浮性接近，
而与其它目的矿物的可浮性又不同等可浮浮选流程 按照铅锌矿物的可浮性好坏，依次混合可浮性相近的矿物，然后再分别分离混合精矿得到单一的精矿产品。避免了强化抑制及强化捕收，可减少药剂用量，但浮选流程复杂，操作控制难度大 适用于不同可浮性铅锌矿物的浮选 异步浮选流程 在同一选别循环中，通过不同的作业条件，铅锌矿物不同步的在各自合适的条件下浮选。每个选别循环，能实现铅锌矿物的充分选别回收，且有助于创造条件兼顾伴生金银等强化富集回收 适用于同种铅锌矿物可浮性存在差异的浮选 
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表 2 氧硫混合铅锌矿传统浮选工艺原则流程特点
Table 2. Characteristics of traditional flotation processes principle flow for oxidation-sulfidation lead-zinc bulk ores
浮选工艺 工艺特点 适用范围 先铅后锌依次浮选流程 按照硫化铅—氧化铅—硫化锌—氧化锌依次浮选。有利于降低锌精矿中的铅含量，部分易浮硫化锌矿物易在氧化铅矿物选别循环上浮，氧化铅矿物浮选循环过剩的硫化钠易造成硫化锌矿物的抑制，浮选药剂种类多且用量较大，对药剂制度控制要求高 铅锌含量较高，氧化率相对较低的矿石 先硫后氧依次浮选流程 按硫化铅—硫化锌—氧化铅—氧化锌依次浮选。硫化锌矿物在氧化铅矿物前浮出，可以避免硫化钠对硫化锌矿物的抑制，硫化锌浮选时易于活化；可避免浮选氧化铅受硫化锌的影响，但易浮氧化铅在选硫化锌时上浮，易影响锌精矿品质 铅锌含量较低，氧化铅锌矿物含量
相对较低的矿石先易后难依次浮选流程 按照硫化铅+氧化铅—硫化锌—氧化锌依次浮选。可减少易浮氧化铅在选硫化锌时上浮，有利于降低锌精矿中的铅含量，浮选流程相对简单 铅氧化率高，部分氧化铅矿物易浮
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