百年黄药：产品设计、合成与应用研究进展

谭俊; 黄苗苗; 马鑫; 钟宏; 肖凤; 王帅

doi:10.13779/j.cnki.issn1001-0076.2025.03.002

百年黄药：产品设计、合成与应用研究进展

中南大学化学化工学院，湖南长沙 410083

基金项目: 国家自然科学基金项目（52074354）；中央引导地方科技发展资金项目（23ZYQD296）；湖南省大学生创新训练计划项目（S202510533393）；中南大学研究生创新项目（2023XQLH112）

详细信息

作者简介: 谭俊（2002—），男，江西赣州人，硕士研究生，主要从事资源化工技术研究，E-mail：242312132@csu.edu.cn

通讯作者: 王帅（1978—），男，河南南阳人，博士，教授，博士生导师，主要从事资源化工技术研究，E-mail：wangshuai@csu.edu.cn。

中图分类号: TD923⁺.13

收稿日期: 2025-04-19

刊出日期: 2025-06-15

A Hundred Years of Xanthates: Research Progress of Product Design, Synthesis and Application

College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, Hunan, China

More Information

Corresponding author: WANG Shuai, wangshuai@csu.edu.cn

Received Date: 19 April 2025

Publish Date: 15 June 2025

摘要

摘要:
黄药是一类重要的有机化合物，被广泛应用于选矿、环境保护和化学合成等领域。系统地介绍了黄药的结构、理化性质和产品设计策略，深入探讨了分子结构组装、量子化学计算以及定量构效关系研究在新型黄药研发中的应用，并分析了通过黄药混合与组合用药实现性能优化的途径。阐述了直接合成法和溶剂法两种黄药合成方法，总结了其他合成方法的工艺原理和优缺点。归纳了黄药在浮选、废水处理和精细化学品合成中的应用情况，并介绍了化学沉淀法、吸附法、化学氧化法、微生物法及联合处理法等黄药废水处理技术，展望了黄药的开发和应用发展方向。
- 黄药 /
- 分子设计 /
- 合成 /
- 捕收剂
Abstract:
Xanthates are a class of important organic compounds that are widely used in fields such as mineral processing, environmental protection, and chemical synthesis. This paper systematically introduces the structures, physicochemical properties, and product design strategies of xanthates, and deeply explores the application of molecular structural assembly, quantum chemical calculations, and quantitative structure−activity relationship studies in the development of novel xanthates. It also analyzes pathways for optimizing reagent performance through mixing xanthates and the combined use of reagents. The paper mainly elaborates on the direct synthesis method and the solvent method for xanthate synthesis, and summarizes the process principles, advantages, and disadvantages of other methods. It provides an overview of the applications of xanthates in flotation, wastewater treatment, and synthesis of fine chemicals. It also introduces various technologies for treating xanthate wastewater, including chemical precipitation, adsorption, chemical oxidation, microbiological methods, and combined treatment methods. In addition, this paper offers a perspective on the development and application direction of xanthates.
- xanthate /
- molecular design /
- synthesis /
- collector

HTML全文

图 1 常见黄药的结构式

Figure 1.

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图 2 黄药与重金属离子的作用模式^[7]

Figure 2.

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图 3 IBX（a）和PBAHX（b）的优化结构，IBX（c）和PBAHX（d）的MEP图，PBAHX的IGMH图（e）和IGMH图的比例尺（f）^[11]

Figure 3.

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图 4 二硫化碳自溶剂法合成黄药的反应机理^[28]

Figure 4.

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表 1 近年来开发的双极性基黄药

Table 1. The bipolar xanthates developed in recent years

黄药种类	结构式	参考文献
醚基黄药		[10]
硫醚基黄药		[13]
酰氨基黄药		[11,14]
硫脲基黄药		[12]
硫氨酯基黄药		[15]

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表 2 黄药的其他合成方法

Table 2. Other synthesis methods of xanthates

合成方法	合成原理	优点	缺点
蒸气法	在高温条件下使二硫化碳蒸气与苛性碱、醇反应	无需额外冷却，二硫化碳循环回用可减少其用量	副反应多，产率低（50%~81%）
润湿剂法	采用少量的水、苯或其他有机溶剂润湿苛性碱，再与醇和二硫化碳反应。以水为润湿剂时，称为湿碱法；以有机溶剂为润湿剂时，称为干燥法	防止苛性碱结块，游离碱含量低，润湿剂用量少	反应体系不均匀，需干燥流程
碱金属醇淦法	先用金属钠或钾与醇反应，再与二硫化碳反应合成黄药	反应活性高，产品纯度>90%，副反应少	需严格隔绝水和氧气，原料成本高

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