Study on the Relationship between the Contents of Heavy Metals in Rice and Root Soils in Typical Townships in the Western Pearl River Delta
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摘要: 农田土壤环境质量与稻米食用安全性关系非常密切，已有研究表明在采矿、交通、电子工业等影响下，珠三角地区积累了大量环境问题，镉汞砷等污染越来越严重。重金属在土壤-稻米系统中的迁移转化，受其总含量、土壤理化性质、有机质以及微量或大量元素的交互作用影响。为查明广东省佛山市高明区典型乡镇重金属在土壤-稻米系统中的迁移影响因素，为稻米食用安全性预测提供依据，本文在高明区明城镇、更合镇主要农田区，采集了151组稻谷及对应根系土样品，采用电感耦合等离子体发射光谱法（ICP-OES）、原子荧光光谱法（AFS）等技术测定了土壤重金属、养分元素含量、土壤理化指标以及稻米重金属含量，分析了重金属含量特征及其迁移的影响因子，建立并验证了稻米中重金属含量定量预测模型。结果表明：①土壤重金属含量均低于第一次全国土壤污染调查获得的广东省土壤重金属含量均值，并且均低于《土壤环境质量农用地土壤污染风险管控标准》（GB 15618—2018）中的土壤风险管制值，土壤污染风险低；②稻米中除Cd、Pb存在轻微超标外，其余重金属含量均低于食品卫生标准限值；③土壤重金属总量、土壤理化性质（土壤pH，土壤质地，土壤有机质含量，土壤N、P、K等）是重金属在土壤-稻米系统中迁移的关键控制因素。如土壤Cd、Cu总量与其在稻米中含量呈显著正相关；除Pb外，土壤有机质土壤全氮与各稻米中各重金属含量呈显著负相关；除Cd外，土壤全磷与稻米重金属含量呈显著负相关；土壤质地（SiO2/Al2O3）与稻米各重金属含量均呈显著正相关；④根据随机抽取的130组数据，以土壤重金属总量及土壤理化指标为自变量，建立了稻米As、Cd、Cr、Cu、Hg、Ni、Pb含量多元回归方程，均达到显著相关，经剩余21组数据的验证，预测方程的平均误差的中位数与平均数最大为31%，最小为7.8%，总体来说预测效果较好，模型可以用来预测高明区及其相似地区的稻米重金属含量。本研究通过探讨土壤理化性质的影响，引入土壤大量营养元素作为影响因素进行探究，可为研究大量营养元素对土壤重金属迁移至稻米的影响以及科学施肥指导提供参考；同时获得的土壤-稻米系统元素迁移影响因素，可对开展重金属生物有效性研究以及水田土壤污染修复、相似地区生态风险评价提供参考；简单探讨了降低研究区重金属生物有效性的方法以及抑制重金属的迁移、降低重金属生物危害的措施，为探究重金属迁移规律特征与地方病、流行病之间的关系提供了思路。Abstract:
OBJECTIVES The environmental quality of farmland soil is closely related to the safety of edible rice. Studies have shown that under the influence of mining, transportation, and electronics industries, the Pearl River Delta has accumulated a large number of environmental problems. Pollution such as cadmium, mercury and arsenic is becoming more and more serious. The migration and transformation of heavy metals in the soil-rice system is affected by the interaction of their total content, physical and chemical properties of the soil, organic matter, and trace or major elements. OBJECTIVES To find out the factors influencing the migration of heavy metals in the soil-rice system in the typical towns of Gaoming District, Foshan City, Guangdong Province, and to provide a basis for the prediction of rice food safety. METHODS In the main farmland areas of Mingcheng Town and Genghe Town of Gaoming District, 151 groups of rice and corresponding root soil samples were collected. Inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES), atomic fluorescence spectrometry (AFS) and other techniques were used to determine heavy metals in the soil, nutrient element content, physical and chemical indicators of the soil, and heavy metal content in rice. The characteristics of heavy metal content and its influencing factors were analyzed, and the quantitative prediction model of heavy metal content in rice was established and verified. RESULTS Results showed that the heavy metal content of the soil was lower than the average heavy metal content of the soil in Guangdong Province obtained by the first national soil pollution survey, and was lower than the soil risk control value in the national standard Soil Environment Quality Risk Control Standard for Soil Contamination of Agricultural Land (GB 15618-2018), resulting in a low soil pollution risk. Except for the slight excess of Cd and Pb in rice, the content of other heavy metals was lower than the limit of food hygiene standards. Total heavy metals and physical and chemical properties (soil pH, soil texture, soil organic matter content, soil N, P, K, etc.) were the key controlling factors for the migration of heavy metals in the soil-rice system. According to the 130 sets of randomly selected data, the total amount of soil heavy metals and soil physical and chemical indicators were used as independent variables to establish rice As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Hg, Ni, Pb content multiple regression equation. All reached a significant correlation. After the verification of the remaining 21 sets of data, the median and average of the average error of the prediction equation were 31% at the maximum and 7.8% at the minimum. In general, the prediction effect was good, and the model can be used to predict the heavy metal content of rice in the Gaoming District and similar regions. Conclusion A large number of soil nutrient elements were introduced as the influencing factors when exploring the influence of physical and chemical properties of the soil, and provided a reference for studying the effect of nutrient elements on the migration of heavy metals in the soil to rice, and guidance for future scientific fertilization. The influencing factors of the soil-rice system element migration obtained at the same time provide a reference for carrying out heavy metal bioavailability research, paddy soil pollution remediation, and ecological risk assessment in similar areas. This article briefly discusses methods to reduce the bioavailability of heavy metals in the study area and measures to inhibit the migration of heavy metals and reduce the biological hazards of heavy metals. It also provides ideas for exploring the relationship between the migration characteristics of heavy metals and endemic and epidemic diseases. -
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表 1 土壤和稻米样品分析方法和分析质量控制参数
Table 1. Analysis methods of soil and rice samples and their control parameters of analysis quality
土壤样品 待测元素 分析方法 检出限 标样合格率(%) 重复样合格率(%) As 氢化物发生-原子荧光光谱法(HG-AFS) 1 100 98.9 Cd 电感耦合等离子体质谱法(ICP-MS) 0.03 100 96.6 Cr 电感耦合等离子体发射光谱法(ICP-OES)、压片制样-X射线荧光光谱法(XRF) 5 100 95.5 Cu 电感耦合等离子体质谱法(ICP-MS) 1 100 100 Hg 冷蒸气-原子荧光光谱法(CV-AFS) 0.5 100 98.9 Ni 电感耦合等离子体质谱法(ICP-MS) 2 100 97.7 Pb 电感耦合等离子体质谱法(ICP-MS) 2 100 98.9 Zn 电感耦合等离子体质谱法(ICP-MS) 4 100 98.9 N 氧化燃烧-气相色谱法 20 100 100 P 压片制样-X射线荧光光谱法(XRF) 5 100 98.9 K2O 压片制样-X射线荧光光谱法(XRF) 0.05 100 100 SiO2 压片制样-X射线荧光光谱法(XRF) 0.1 100 100 Al2O3 压片制样-X射线荧光光谱法(XRF) 0.05 100 100 Corg 氧化热解-电位法 0.1 100 98.9 pH 电位法 0.1 100 100 稻米样品 As 氢化物发生-原子荧光光谱法(HG-AFS) 0.1 94.4 100 Cd 电感耦合等离子体质谱法(ICP-MS) 0.01 100 100 Cr 电感耦合等离子体质谱法(ICP-MS) 0.2 100 100 Cu 电感耦合等离子体质谱法(ICP-MS) 1 100 100 Hg 冷蒸气-原子荧光光谱法(CV-AFS) 0.5 100 100 Ni 电感耦合等离子体质谱法(ICP-MS) 0.2 97.2 100 Pb 电感耦合等离子体质谱法(ICP-MS) 0.5 100 100 Zn 电感耦合等离子体质谱法(ICP-MS) 2 100 100 注：pH无量纲；SiO2、Al2O3、TFe2O3、MgO、CaO、Na2O、K2O、Corg的检出限单位为%；Hg元素含量单位为ng/g，其余元素均为μg/g。 
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表 2 土壤样品重金属含量统计(N=151)
Table 2. Statistics of heavy metal content in soil samples (N=151)
分析项目 As Cd Cr Cu Hg Ni Pb Zn 均值 7.18 0.126 36.4 12.5 0.143 8.18 40 49.3 中位数 4.36 0.011 31.4 11.21 0.012 7.79 34.3 44.4 标准差 8.86 0.156 19.6 6.16 0.852 4.07 16.5 44.7 最大值 68.7 1.95 99.8 45.6 0.562 29 110 565 最小值 0.761 0.003 8.8 2.87 0.003 1.09 11.5 15.1 广东省A 16.8 0.336 60.4 24.1 0.199 18.7 60.4 87.4 广东省B - 0.1 58 18 0.104 18 37.5 51 中国土壤C 11.2 0.097 53.9 20 0.04 23.4 23.6 67.7 pH≤5.5* 30 0.3 250 50 0.5 60 80 200 5.5＜pH≤6.5* 30 0.4 250 50 0.5 70 100 200 pH≤5.5△ 200 1.5 800 - 2.0 - 400 - 5.5＜pH≤6.5△ 150 2.0 850 - 2.5 - 500 - 注：A为第一次全国土壤污染调查广东省土壤元素含量均值[34]；B为广东省表层土壤均值[35]；C为全国土壤元素含量背景值[36]；单位均为μg/g；“-”表示未检出；“*”为风险筛选值；“△”为风险管制值。
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表 3 稻米样品重金属含量统计(N=151)
Table 3. Statistics of heavy metal content in rice samples (N=151)
分析项目 As Cd Cr Cu Hg Ni Pb Zn 均值(μg/g) 0.146 0.118 0.166 2.78 0.004 0.341 0.078 18.2 标准差(μg/g) 0.056 0.085 0.08 0.752 0.003 0.165 0.043 2.22 最大值(μg/g) 0.69 0.457 0.64 4.9 0.019 0.99 0.32 24.7 粮食卫生标准*(μg/g) - 0.2 1.0 - 0.02 - 0.2 - 超标数量(件) - 26 0 - 0 - 4 - 富集系数 0.02 1.4 0.018 0.273 0.0004 0.028 0.006 1.19 注：标注“*”的数据来源《食品安全国家标准食品中污染物限量》(GB 2762—2017)。
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表 4 稻米与根系土样品重金属含量及土壤理化性质相关系数(N=151)
Table 4. Correlation coefficient of heavy metal content and physical and chemical properties of rice and root soil samples (N=151)
分析项目 相关关系 As Cd Cr Cu Hg Ni Pb Zn 土壤总含量 相关性 0.048 0.344* 0.138 0.250* -0.255* -0.178△ -0.136 -0.012 显著性 0.562 0 0.091 0.002 0.005 0.134 0.029 0.883 Corg 相关性 -0.308* -0.221* -0.384* -0.421* -0.523* -0.375* -0.099 -0.500* 显著性 0 0.006 0 0 0 0 0.228 0 pH 相关性 -0.016 0.051 -0.089 -0.134 -0.134 -0.161△ 0.170△ -0.069 显著性 0.845 0.531 0.278 0.1 0.1 0.048 0.037 0.398 SiO2/Al2O3 相关性 0.196△ 0.325* 0.240* 0.224* 0.199△ 0.242* 0.444* 0.633* 显著性 0.016 0 0.003 0.006 0.014 0.003 0 0 土壤全氮 相关性 -0.316* -0.172△ -0.454* -0.503* -0.582* -0.405* 0.063 -0.509* 显著性 0 0.035 0 0 0 0 0.443 0 土壤全磷 相关性 -0.299* -0.123 -0.312* -0.174△ -0.332* -0.304* -0.251* -0.392* 显著性 0 0.131 0 0.032 0 0 0.002 0 K2O 相关性 -0.07 -0.240* 0.039 0.063 0.135 0.021 -0.563* -0.345* 显著性 0.394 0.003 0.637 0.444 0.098 0.797 0 0 注：标注“*”的数据在p＜0.01水平(双侧)上显著相关；标注“△”在p＜0.05水平(双侧)上显著相关；除土壤总含量外，其余项目(Corg等)的相关性均为该项目与元素富集系数的相关性。
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表 5 研究区水稻重金属影响因素及其预测方程
Table 5. Influencing factors and prediction equations of rice heavy metals in the study area
分析项目 常量 log[土] log[N] log[P] log[Corg] pH log[SiO2/Al2O3] log[K2O] R* log[稻As] -0.844 - - - -0.172 - - - 0.219 log[稻Cd] 0.897 0.556 - - - - - -0.363 0.421 log[稻Cr] -0.779 - - - - - - -0.166 0.221 log[稻Cu] -0.219 0.139 - 0.167 - - - - 0.354 log[稻Hg] 2.596 - -0.652 - - - - - 0.517 log[稻Ni] 0.007 - - - -0.277 -0.105 - 0.157 0.380 log[稻Pb] -6.015 - 1.608 - -1.430 - - - 0.536 log[稻As]=0.172log[Corg]-0.844 log[稻Cd]=0.556log[Cd]-0.363log[K2O]+0.897 log[稻Cr]=-0.166log[K2O]-0.779 log[稻Cu]=0.167log[P]+0.139log[土]-0.219 log[稻Hg]=-0.652log[N]+2.596 log[稻Ni]=-0.105[pH]-0.277log[Corg]+0.157log[K2O]-0.007 log[稻Pb]=1.608log[N]-1.430log[Corg]-6.015 注:“*”表示显著性水平均为p < 0.05。
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表 6 预测模型误差统计值
Table 6. Statistics of prediction model errors
预测模型参数 As Cd Cr Cu Hg Ni Pb 误差平均值(%) 7.8 11.0 11.0 18.5 24.0 31.6 10.2 误差中位数(%) 6.73 4.48 6.8 19.2 17.6 19.0 6.16 误差最大值(%) 22.52 43.03 32.05 53.31 58.06 77.62 34.96 误差最小值(%) 0.82 1.41 0.35 2.70 0.99 5.63 0.89 注：误差已经剔除异常值。
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