Lead Isotope Ratio Analysis of Several Zhou Dynasty Bronzes Unearthed in Northern Anhui Province
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摘要:
皖北地区地处安徽淮河以北，是先秦时期南北文化交流的重要通道，也是长江中下游铜矿北进中原的必经区域之一，该地区的青铜器对于探讨长江中下游铜矿与中原青铜文化的关系至关重要。本工作采用X射线荧光光谱仪（XRF）和激光剥蚀多接收器等离子体质谱（LA-MC-ICP-MS）对出土于皖北地区4件青铜器及湖北吉家院战国楚墓出土的青铜器进行成分分析和铅同位素比值分析，并与长江中下游的皖南及湖北矿区矿石的铅同位素比值进行了对比研究，以探讨皖北地区青铜器的合金配比及矿料来源。成分测试结果显示皖北4件青铜器中，铅锡青铜3件、锡青铜1件的铜含量范围为60.69%~76.65%，锡含量普遍较高，为9.66%~33.24%，铅含量为0.43%~18.07%，成分波动范围较大。铅同位素比值分析结果显示样品的铅同位素比值均属于普通铅的范围，两件锡青铜（WB-3、JJY-1）指示铜料来源，其余样品反映的都是铅料来源信息。通过与不同地区的矿石进行对比，发现西周时期皖北青铜器和湖北铜绿山矿区的数据较为接近，战国时期皖北青铜器开始使用皖南矿区的矿料，因此从西周至战国，皖北地区所使用的金属资源开始从湖北铜绿山地区逐渐向皖南沿江地区转变。本研究为皖北地区周代青铜器的矿料来源及其与周边地区青铜文化的交流提供了新的科学依据。
Abstract:BACKGROUND The northern Anhui region is located north of the Huaihe River in Anhui. It was an important channel for cultural exchanges between the north and the south during the pre-Qin Period. It was also a necessary area for transporting copper resource on the Yangtze River to the Central Plains. Bronzes in this area are very important for exploring the relationship between copper mines in the Middle-Lower Yangtze River and the bronze culture of the Central Plains.
OBJECTIVES In order to understand the diachronic changes of mineral resources in different periods in northern Anhui and the interaction with the surrounding bronze culture.
METHODS Laser ablation multiple-collector plasma-mass spectrometry (LA-MC-ICP-MS) and X-ray fluorescence spectrometry (XRF) were used to analyze the composition and the lead isotope ratios of 4 bronzes unearthed in northern Anhui and 4 bronzes unearthed from the Warring States Chu Tomb in Jijiayuan, Hubei Province.
RESULTS Results showed that among the 4 bronzes in northern Anhui, there were 3 lead-tin bronzes and 1 tin bronze. The copper content ranged from 60.69% to 76.65%. The tin content was generally higher, 9.66% to 33.24%, and the lead content was 0.43% to 18.07%. The composition had a large variation. The lead isotope analysis results showed that the lead isotope ratios of the samples were within the range of common lead. Two tin bronzes (WB-3, JJY-1) indicated the source of copper materials, and the rest of the samples reflected the source information of lead materials. Comparing the ores in different region, it was found that the data of the bronzes in the northern Anhui during the Western Zhou Period and the Tonglushan mining area in Hubei were relatively close. During the Warring States Period, the bronzes in the northern Anhui began to use minerals from the southern Anhui mining area. Therefore, from the Western Zhou Period to the Warring States Period, the metal resources used in the northern Anhui area began to gradually change from the Tonglushan area in Hubei to the area along the Yangtze River in southern Anhui.
CONCLUSIONS This research provides a new scientific basis for the source of minerals used in bronzes in the Zhou Dynasty in the region, and the exchange of bronze culture between northern Anhui and the surrounding areas.
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表 1 皖北及吉家院青铜器的来源及基本信息
Table 1. Origin and basic information of the bronzes in northern Anhui and Jijiayuan tomb
样品编号 器物名称 考古编号 时代 样品来源 WB-1 铜壶 A: 0006 战国 阜阳市博物馆 WB-2 铜剑 11.0715 战国 阜阳市博物馆 WB-3 铜鼎 11.1113 西周 阜阳市博物馆 WB-4 铁足铜鼎 A0012 战国 阜阳市博物馆 JJY-1 铜壶 M48:77 战国 吉家院48号墓出土 JJY-2 铜剑 M35:10 战国 吉家院35号墓出土 JJY-3 铜盘 M7:12 战国 吉家院7号墓出土 JJY-4 铜器(残) M10:38 战国 吉家院10号墓出土 
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表 2 样品主要成分和合金类型
Table 2. Main components and alloy types of the samples
样品编号 器物名称 主要成分含量(%) 合金类型 Cu Sn Pb WB-1 铜壶 74.58 13.7 11.42 Cu-Sn-Pb WB-2 铜剑 60.69 33.24 5.8 Cu-Sn-Pb WB-3 铜鼎 76.65 21.41 0.43 Cu-Sn WB-4 铁足铜鼎 72.03 9.66 18.07 Cu-Sn-Pb JJY-1 铜壶 92.44 3.38 0.71 Cu-Sn JJY-2 铜剑 12.47 0.14 62.81 Cu-Pb JJY-3 铜盘 16.07 61.57 13.16 Cu-Sn-Pb JJY-4 铜残器 59.51 24.61 9.49 Cu-Sn-Pb 注：合金成分未作归一化处理。
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表 3 样品铅同位素比值数据
Table 3. Lead isotope ratio data of samples
样品编号 样品名称 207Pb/206Pb 208Pb/206Pb 206Pb/204Pb 207Pb/204Pb 208Pb/204Pb WB-1 铜壶 0.85166 2.1092 18.431 15.695 38.877 WB-2 铜剑 0.83969 2.0893 18.630 15.655 38.931 WB-3 铜鼎 0.87009 2.1393 17.924 15.582 38.328 WB-4 铁足铜鼎 0.86359 2.1362 18.085 15.618 38.644 JJY-1 铜壶 0.86423 2.1252 18.051 15.601 38.363 JJY-2 铜剑 0.87223 2.1506 17.910 15.622 38.515 JJY-3 铜盘 0.87561 2.1576 17.808 15.594 38.424 JJY-4 铜器(残) 0.85557 2.1164 18.346 15.696 38.826
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