Research Progress of Biochar Based Materials and Their Applications Using Electrochemical Sensors
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摘要:
电化学传感技术以其成本低、灵敏度高、选择性好、反应速度快等优点成为分析化学领域的研究热点。将电极敏感材料修饰在传感电极表面，实现电化学信号放大是提高电化学传感器分析检测性能的关键。生物炭材料因其有丰富的孔道结构、较大的比表面积、优异的吸附能力，并且表面含有较多的含氧活性官能团，成为优质的电极修饰材料。然而，因生物炭材料的合成方法多样且生物炭的组成复杂性，导致基于生物炭的电化学传感器检测限还有较大的提高空间，且基于生物炭的电化学传感器的传感机理目前仍不明晰。本文以生物炭基材料在电化学传感检测领域的应用为例，简述了生物炭基材料的合成方法以及不同方法所合成炭材料的结构特性，在此基础上，总结了基于生物炭材料的电化学传感器在环境污染物、药物及生物分子分析领域的研究进展。目前，环境污染物的分析主要集中在酚及醌类化合物领域，正逐渐向新污染物如微塑料等领域拓展。药物检测的目标物质主要为抗生素类化学药品和黄酮类中药，其他物质的检测研究相对较少。而生物分子检测中，葡萄糖、多巴胺、尿酸、抗坏血酸等检测分析应用较多，检测机理也比较明晰。整体来说，构建传感器的检出限、灵敏度还有较大提高空间，并且基于大型电化学工作站的传感器也逐渐向集中化、微小化和便携式传感平台过渡。在此基础上，本文提出基于生物炭材料的电传感分析技术的发展方向：①优化炭材料结构，调控炭材料组成，制备更适配电化学传感器的高性能炭基材料，降低检出限，提高灵敏度；②构建基于生物炭的便携式传感器，实现快速智能化分析检测；③传感机理及检测限降低原因的剖析是生物炭基电化学传感器发展过程中需要深入探讨的问题。
Abstract:Electrochemical sensors have become a research hotspot in the field of analytical chemistry due to their high sensitivity, good selectivity, and fast reaction rate. Using biochar materials to construct electrochemical sensors is a low cost, accessible and effective route to achieve excellent detection performance. This review summarizes the research progress of biochar based electrochemical sensors in the detection of environmental pollutants, drugs and biomolecules on the basis of briefly describing the synthesis methods and the structural properties of biochar-based materials. The synthesized biochar and the corresponding constructed sensors indicate that electrochemical sensors hold significant advantages in high-precision and high-stability chemical-signal testing. Further research will focus on optimizing the structure of carbon materials, regulating the composition of them, and preparing high-performance biochar-based materials that are more suitable for electrochemical sensors, so as to reduce the detection limit and improve the sensitivity. Besides, it is urgent to fabricate portable sensors based on biochar to determine rapid and intelligent analysis and detection, and the sensing mechanism and testing performance improvement mechanism are problems that must be deeply explored. The BRIEF REPORT is available for this paper at
http://www.ykcs.ac.cn/en/article/doi/10.15898/j.ykcs.202403170058 .-
Key words:
- electrochemical sensor /
- biochar /
- environmental pollutants /
- drugs /
- biomolecules
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表 2 不同生物炭基电化学传感器方法对环境污染物的检测参数
Table 2. Detection parameters of environmental pollutants by different biochar based electrochemical sensor methods
修饰电极名称 检测方法 检测目标物 方法线性范围 方法检出限 参考文献 CQD /GCE 计时安培 肼 / 39.7μmol/L ［41］ AS-BioC/SPCE SWV 对硫磷 0.025～2.5μmol/L 1.63×10−3μmol/L ［42］ AC900/GCE LSV 4-硝基苯酚 1～500μmol/L 0.16μmol/L ［43］ NDC/GCE DPV 双酚A 1.0～50.0μmol/L 1.068μmol/L ［44］ CLC/GCE CV HQ 0.5～3000μmol/L 0.47μmol/L ［45］ CC 1.0～3000μmol/L 0.40μmol/L DLSNC/GCE CV 1-NP 1.0～25μmol/L 0.64μmol/L ［46］ 2-NP 1.0～25μmol/L 0.61μmol/L HC/CPE DPAdSV Pb2+ 0.50～7.06μmol/L 0.055μmol/L ［30］ WNCF/BFGCE DPAdSV Pb2+ 0.5～100μg/L 0.2μg/L ［48］ Biochar+CPE DPAdSV Cu2+ 1.0～15.0μmol/L 0.36μmol/L ［49］ CNDS/SPCE SWASV Hg2+
Pb2+
Cd2+
Ni2+/ 124ng/L
551ng/L
453ng/L
608ng/L［50］ CGC-600/GCE DPV Hg2+ 10～100μmol/L 6.17μmol/L ［51］ SnS2@BC/GCE DPV Pb2+
Hg2+/ 0.28μmol/L
0.55μmol/L［52］ AL-1/GCE I-V PS (100nm) / 520μmol/L ［53］ SF-1/GCE I-V PS (100nm) / 440μmol/L ［53］ 
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表 3 不同生物炭基电化学传感器方法对药物的检测参数
Table 3. Detection parameters of drugs by electrochemical sensor methods based on different biochar materials
修饰电极名称 检测方法 检测目标物 方法线性范围
(μmol/L )方法检出限
(μmol/L )参考文献 PNC/PGE DPV 氯霉素 1～200 0.57 ［22］ ZKAKC/GCE DPV 对乙酰氨基酚 0.01~20 0.004 ［60］ NSP-PC/GCE LSV 甲硝唑 0.1～45
50～3500.013 ［57］ Pt−Re NP/PAC/GCE LSV 呋喃唑酮 1～299 0.075 ［58］ RHG/CPE SWV 甲芬那酸 0.001～6000 2.13×10−3 ［59］ C-CS-700/GCE DPV 呋喃西林 0.4～80 0.11 ［60］ Au-Pt@BPC/CILE DPV 黄芪素 0.48～2.0
4.0～140.00.01 ［61］ BPBC-MWCNT/GCE DPV 黄芪素 0.004～100 1.33×10−3 ［62］
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