Research Progress on the Migration, Enrichment and Risk Assessment of Heavy Metals in a Soil-Grape System
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摘要:
重金属元素作为潜在有毒元素，在葡萄园土壤中的污染水平直接影响生态系统平衡及人类健康。本文通过对国内外现有研究的分析，着重探讨了葡萄园土壤-葡萄体系中重金属的含量特征，及其在体系中的迁移、富集行为和污染风险。结果显示，Cd、Cu、Zn含量会对葡萄品质存在主要影响，其余重金属须重点对照国标限量进行监测；重金属由土壤向葡萄叶片的迁移率最高，可达到向果实部分的32倍，在迁移机制作用下积累水平多表现为：叶片≈根部＞茎部＞果实。其中Zn在叶片和根部中的积累量最高可分别达到93mg/kg和51mg/kg，显著高于果实中的积累量0.53mg/kg。作为影响重金属迁移积累行为的关键因素，土壤酸碱度与体系中重金属的生物可利用度呈负相关，有机质含量通常与其呈正相关关系。当前进展还揭示了重金属因不同品种而产生的迁移差异性，但针对不同气候条件、土壤类型及生理特性之间的影响机制仍缺乏系统性研究。建议今后需要基于区域环境特征，全面地探究与重金属迁移能力及含量相关的影响因素，以及构建机器学习模型预测和评估在不同污染水平下该体系中重金属之间产生的相互作用及其生态风险。
Abstract:As potentially toxic elements, the pollution level of heavy metals in vineyard soils directly affects the ecosystem balance and human health. This study analyzes the current related literature, focusing on the characteristics of heavy metal content in the soil-grape system of vineyards, their migration behavior, and the associated pollution risk assessment. The findings reveal that cadmium (Cd), copper (Cu), and zinc (Zn) significantly influence grape quality, while other heavy metals require close monitoring against national standards. The migration rate of heavy metals from soil to grape leaves can be up to 32 times higher than to the pulp. Accumulation levels typically follow the order: leaves≈roots>stems>pulp. Specifically, Zn accumulation in leaves and roots can reach as high as 93mg/kg and 51mg/kg, respectively, far exceeding the 0.53mg/kg observed in pulp. Soil pH, as a critical factor affecting heavy metal migration and accumulation, shows a negative correlation with the bioavailability of heavy metals, while organic matter content typically exhibits a positive correlation. Current findings also highlight the varietal differences in heavy metal migration; however, systematic studies on the interaction mechanisms among climatic conditions, soil types, and physiological traits remain limited. Future research should aim to comprehensively explore the factors influencing heavy metal migration and content within the system under regional environmental characteristics. The application of machine learning models is recommended to predict and evaluate interactions among heavy metals and their ecological risks under different pollution levels.
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Key words:
- soil /
- grape /
- heavy metal elements /
- migration /
- enrichment /
- influence factors /
- risk assessment
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表 1 全球各地区土壤及葡萄果实中典型重金属元素含量
Table 1. Typical heavy metal element contents of soil and grape pulp in various regions of the world.
样品
类型重金属
元素重金属元素在不同国家的土壤-葡萄体系中的含量(mg/kg) 中国新疆［16］ 中国宁夏［17］ 中国湖南［18］ 美国［19］ 意大利［20］ 罗马尼亚［21］ 西班牙［22］ 塞尔维亚［23］ 葡萄
果实As − 0.0087 0.0010 0.0250 − 0.130 − 0.0022 Cd 0.0020 0.0012 0.0290 0.0013 − 0.580 − 0.0038 Pb 0 0.0340 0.100 0.0006 0.0510 0.310 0.185 0.0003 Hg − 0.00059 0.0080 − − 0.0110 0.0158 − Cr 0.100 0.0560 0.330 − 0.310 0.110 2.77 0.0039 Zn 1.26 4.70 − 4.90 1.90 1.11 3.06 1.12 Cu 0.330 1.30 − 3.00 2.30 2.85 5.51 8.80 土壤 As − 11.5 4.81 9.00 − 1.81 − 0.370 Cd 0.270 0.0821 0.0650 0.130 − 14.29 0.0761 0.227 Pb 0.100 14.5 18.9 37.0 25.9 8.49 8.68 10.8 Hg − 0.0300 0.0290 − − 0.0550 0.0299 − Cr 47.3 48.1 39.9 − 80.1 1.21 5.10 94.0 Zn 66.7 52.1 − 31.0 55.0 59.9 23.1 71.5 Cu 41.2 19.9 − 11.0 21.9 40.5 72.7 38.1 注：“−”表示暂无数据。 
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表 2 重金属元素在土壤-果实之间的富集系数
Table 2. Enrichment coefficients of heavy metal elements between soil and grape pulp.
重金属元素 重金属元素在不同国家的土壤-葡萄体系中的富集系数(%) 中国新疆 中国宁夏 中国湖南 美国 意大利 罗马尼亚 西班牙 塞尔维亚 As − 0.08 0.02 0.28 − 7.18 − 0.59 Cd 0.74 1.46 1.20 1.00 − 4.05 − 1.67 Pb 0.00 0.23 0.53 0.00 0.20 3.65 2.13 0.00 Hg − 1.97 0.40 − − 20.0 52.84 − Cr 0.21 0.12 0.83 − 0.39 9.10 54.31 0.00 Zn 1.89 9.02 − 15.81 3.45 1.85 13.25 1.57 Cu 0.80 6.53 − 27.27 10.50 7.04 7.58 23.10 注：“−”表示暂无数据。
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表 4 土壤重金属污染程度分级标准(据Wang等［60］修改)
Table 4. Classification standards for heavy metals pollution level in soil (Modified from Wang, et al［60］).
单因子污染指数 $ {P}_{i} $ 综合污染指数 $ {P}_{N} $ 污染负荷指数 $ PLI $ 地质累积指数 $ {I}_{{\mathrm{geo}}} $ 潜在生态风险指数 $ RI $ 范围 程度 范围 程度 范围 程度 范围 程度 范围 程度 $ {P}_{i}\le 1 $ 正常 $ {P}_{N}\le 0.7 $ 正常 $ PLI=0 $ 正常 $ {I}_{{\mathrm{geo}}}\le 0 $ 正常 $ {E}_{{\mathrm{f}}}^{i} ＜ 40 $ 低风险 $ 1 ＜ {P}_{i}\le 2 $ 较正常 $ 0.7 ＜ {P}_{N}\le 1 $ 较正常 $ 0 ＜ PLI\le 1 $ 较正常 $ 0 ＜ {I}_{{\mathrm{geo}}}\le 2 $ 轻度 $ 40\le {E}_{{\mathrm{f}}}^{i} ＜ 80 $ 中风险 $ 2 ＜ {P}_{i}\le 3 $ 轻度 $ 1 ＜ {P}_{N}\le 2 $ 轻度 $ 1 ＜ PLI\le 2 $ 轻度 $ 2 ＜ {I}_{{\mathrm{geo}}}\le 3 $ 中度 $ 80\le {E}_{{\mathrm{f}}}^{i} ＜ 160 $ 较高 $ 3 ＜ {P}_{i}\le 5 $ 中度 $ 2 ＜ {P}_{N}\le 3 $ 中度 $ 2 ＜ PLI\le 3 $ 中度 $ 3 ＜ {I}_{{\mathrm{geo}}}\le 5 $ 重度 $ 160\le {E}_{{\mathrm{f}}}^{i} ＜ 320 $ 高风险 $ {P}_{i} ＞ 5 $ 重度 $ {P}_{N} ＞ 3 $ 重度 $ 3 ＜ PLI\le 4 $ 重度 $ {I}_{{\mathrm{geo}}} ＞ 5 $ 极重度 $ {E}_{{\mathrm{f}}}^{i}\ge 320 $ 极高 注：单因素污染指数法与潜在生态风险指数法中i表示不同的重金属元素。
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表 5 风险评估指数计算公式
Table 5. Calculation methods of risk assessment index.
评估类别 相关指数 计算公式 参考文献 污染评估 $ \;$
Pi (单因子污染指数)$ {P}_{i}=\dfrac{{C}_{i}}{{C}_{0}} $ ［59-60］ $ \;$
PN (综合污染指数)$ P_{\mathrm{N}}=\sqrt{\dfrac{\left(P_{i\max}\right)^2+\left(P_{i\mathrm{ave}}\right)^2}{2}} $ $ $
PLI (污染负荷指数)$ PLI=\sqrt[n]{{P}_{1}\times {P}_{2}\times {P}_{3}\times \cdots \times {P}_{n}} $ ［61］ $ \;$
Igeo (地质累积指数)$ {I}_{{\mathrm{geo}}}={\mathrm{log}}_{2}({C}_{i}/{1.5B}_{i}) $ ［62］ $\; $
(潜在生态风险指数)$ RI=\displaystyle\sum _{i=1}^{n}{E}_{{\mathrm{f}}}^{i} $ ［64］ 迁移评估 $ \;$
TF(转运系数)$ TF={C}_{i地上部}/{C}_{i根部} $ ［65］ $ \;$
BCF(生物富集系数)$ BCF={C}_{葡萄}/{C}_{土壤} $ ［66］ $\; $
BRAI(生物利用度风险评估指数)$ BRAI=\displaystyle\sum_{i=1}^nBD_i/\displaystyle\sum_{i=1}^nTE_i $ ［67］ 健康评估 $\; $
THQ(目标危险系数)$ THQ=\dfrac{{C}_{i}\times IR\times EF\times ED}{BW\times AT\times RfD} $ ［70］ $ \;$
HI(危害指数)$ HI=\displaystyle\sum_{i=1}^nTHQ_i $ $\; $
CR(致癌风险指数)$ CR=EDI\times SF $ ［71］
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