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摘要:
传统的海滩监测剖面方法无法获得区域尺度的监测数据，制约了海滩区域地形变化规律的研究。根据2022年4月—2023年9月周期性RTK实测剖面数据和多期机载LiDAR数据，分析了烟台市金山湾局部地区的海滩地形变化特征。结果显示，机载LiDAR技术能够快速获得海滩的三维点云信息，具有厘米级的精度，且基于多测次的数据能够估算泥沙的侵蚀/淤积体量。2年的剖面监测数据表明，研究区海滩在年际变化中整体呈现淤积趋势，年平均淤积厚度约为0.19 m/a；海滩的季节变化特征表明，弱动力条件下的泥沙淤积量小于强动力条件；平均高潮线以上地形相对稳定，潮间带区域受风浪、潮流等因素影响地形变化频繁。4测次的机载LiDAR数据资料显示，研究区海滩在秋季整体以淤积为主，平均淤积厚度约为0.09 m，潮间带区域侵蚀和淤积相间分布状况明显。汉河入海口东侧海滩的侵蚀深度和淤积厚度相对西侧海滩偏大，河口沙坝东西向有一定增长，导致河口变窄。风浪、潮流、河流等自然因素是塑造海滩形态和控制海滩演化的主要动力因素。极端天气可影响海滩的季节性演化。人类活动在一定程度上影响了海滩地形的自然演化。
Abstract:The traditional beach monitoring uses profile method cannot obtain the monitoring data of regional scale, which restricts the study of the terrain change law of beach area. According to the periodic RTK (real time kinematic) measured profile data and multiple airborne LiDAR (light detection and ranging) data from April 2022 to September 2023, the geomorphic changes of beach in some parts of Jinshan Bay, Yantai City, Shandong, East China were studied. Results show that the airborne LiDAR technology could quickly obtain the three-dimensional point cloud information of beach in centimeter-level accuracy, and the amount of sedimentary scouring/siltation could be estimated based on multi-epoch data. The two-year profile monitoring data showed that the beach showed a general trend of siltation in the interannual scale, with an annual average siltation rate of ～0.19 m/a. The seasonal variation of the beach showed that the siltation was smaller under weak dynamic conditions than that under strong dynamic conditions. The areas above the average high tide line was relatively stable, and those of intertidal zone changed frequently due to wind wave, tidal current, and other factors. The airborne LiDAR data from four epochs indicate that in the autumn, siltation dominated in the beach, with an average siltation thickness of ～9 cm. Scouring and siltation within the intertidal zone exhibited distinct alternating patterns. The scouring depth and siltation thickness of the beach on the eastern side of the Hanhe River estuary were larger than those on the western side, and the estuary bar grew slightly in east-west direction, which narrowed the estuary mouth. Natural factors such as wind wave, tide, and river were the main dynamic factors shaping the beach and controlling the evolution of the beach. The seasonal evolution of the beach was affected by extreme weather, and the natural evolution of the beach was affected by human activities to some extents.
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表 1 研究区海滩剖面信息统计
Table 1. Information of beach profile of the study area
剖面编号 起点坐标 剖面方向 测量时间 P1 37°27′12.2″N、121°44′25.9″E 8° 2022年4、9月，2023年4、9月 P2 37°27′11.7″N、121°44′43.9″E 8° 2022年4、9月，2023年4、9月 P3 37°27′16.5″N、121°45′35.9″E 6° 2022年4、9月，2023年4、8、9月 P4 37°27′23.7″N、121°45′49.3″E 6° 2022年4、9月，2023年4、8、9月 
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表 2 机载LiDAR传感器参数和数据采集时间
Table 2. Airborne LiDAR （light detection and ranging） sensor parameters and data acquisition time
参数 禅思L1 飞马LiDAR22 搭载平台 大疆M300 飞马D20 飞行高度 80 m 200 m 波长 905 nm 1 550 nm 回波数 3次 5次 分辨率 ＞100点/m2 ＞50点/m2 扫描角度 70.4° 360°可调 采集时间 2023年8、10、11月 2023年9月
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