Spatial structure and distribution characteristics of heavy metals in the soil in Chengde
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摘要: 基于地统计学和GIS相结合的方法，对承德全域表层土壤重金属As、Cd、Cr、Cu、Hg、Ni、Pb、Zn、微量元素Se正态分布特征、主导分布趋势及相互作用规律进行了分析，确定了不同元素最适宜的地统计插值模型并厘定出其空间分布规律。结果表明：As、Cd、Cr、Cu、Hg、Ni、Pb、Zn的质量含量平均值分别为8.28，0.200，60.85，24.37，0.034，27.76，26.65，77.10 mg/kg，Cd、Cu、Hg和Pb变异系数分别为385%、143%、350%、118%，分异性强。Zn含量均值受土壤类型影响显著，Cr、Cu、Ni含量均值则受土地利用类型影响显著。经过不同趋势阶数元素插值误差的综合对比，确定As、Cr、Pb、Zn、Ni、Se适宜选择无趋势参数，Hg和Cu适宜选择一阶趋势参数，而Cd适宜选择二阶趋势参数。As的理论模型为指数模型，主要受到结构性因素的影响；Cd、Cr、Cu、Hg、Ni、Pb、Zn、Se的理论模型为线性模型，主要受到随机性因素的影响。通过普通克里格插值图可见区内9种元素具有北低南高的特点，中部地区形成了一条较宽的Pb高值带，与Cd相似。按照含量分布特点，土壤中Cr和Ni、Cu和Hg、Zn和Pb、Se和Cd之间的高值空间展布区具有相似性且来源相同，仅As具有个性，分析结果与传统统计学结果数据保持部分一致性。Abstract: Based on the combination of geo-statistics and GIS, this paper analyzed the normal distribution characteristics, dominant distribution trends and interaction regulations of heavy metals including As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Hg, Ni, Pb, Zn, and trace elements Se in the topsoil in whole area of Chengde. Both the most suitable geo-statistics interpolation model and spatial distribution law for these elements were determined. The results showed that the average contents of As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Hg, Ni and Pb, were respectively 8.28,0.200, 60.85, 24.37, 0.034, 27.76, 26.65, 77.1 mg/kg. The coefficients of variation of Cd, Cu, Hg, and Pb were respectively 385%, 143%, 350%, and 118%, which indicated the level of dispersion was great. The average value of Zn contents was significantly affected by soil types. While the average value of Cr, Cu, Ni contents was significantly affected by land use types. After comprehensively comparing the interpolation errors of order elements of different trends, the following results were obtained that non-trend parameters were suitable for As, Cr, Pb, Zn, Ni, and Se, first-order trend parameters were suitable for both Hg and Cu, while second-order trend parameters were suitable for Cd. The theoretical model of As was an exponential model, which was mainly affected by structural factors. The theoretical models of Cd, Cr, Cu, Hg, Ni, Pb, Zn, and Se were linear models, which were mainly affected by random factors. According to the Kriging method, it could be seen that the 9 elements in the area presented a characteristic of low level in the north and high in the south. And a relatively wide Pb high-value band was formed in the central area, similar to Cd. According to the characteristics of contents distribution, the high-value spatial distribution areas between Cr and Ni, Cu and Hg, Zn and Pb, Se and Cd were similar, and the sources were also the same, and only As was significantly different from them. The analysis results were partially consistent with the traditional statistical results.
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Key words:
- soil /
- heavy metals /
- geostatistics /
- Kriging
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