Shear characteristics and mesoscopic damage mechanism of long time soaking red sandstone under loading and unloading conditions
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摘要:
三峡库区防洪限制水位（145 m）以下岸坡岩体在库水升降过程中经历了长期浸泡作用，并且水位变化导致岩体受到切向加载剪切和法向卸荷剪切2种工况作用，而岩石剪切特性的差异直接影响岸坡在不同水库运营阶段的稳定性。文章以典型长石石英砂岩为研究对象，开展了不同浸泡天数下砂岩试样的切向加载、法向卸载剪切试验，得到了2种受力条件下砂岩剪切特性的变化规律，并结合溶液测试、SEM测试、核磁共振试验揭示了不同工况下岩石剪切特性产生差异的细观机理。研究结果表明：（1）与初始试样相比，经过80 d的浸泡后，该类试样的黏聚力损失要大于内摩擦角的损失，切向加载剪切所得黏聚力降低了40.5%，内摩擦角最终仅降低了2%，而法向卸荷剪切所得黏聚力降低了31%，内摩擦角最终降低了8%；（2）试样经历长期浸泡导致胶结物矿物被溶解、溶蚀，次生孔隙逐步发育并贯通，孔隙度增大，经过60 d浸泡后，试样的含水率、孔隙度、孔隙结构基本达到稳定状态，克服剪切作用的颗粒骨架几乎不再受浸泡水的影响，这是长期饱水试样剪切性质逐渐弱化并趋于平稳的原因；（3）法向卸荷剪切条件下，剪切主裂纹面与理论剪切面之间偏差增大，破裂面更倾向于形成“S型”和“M型”，实际剪切面的增大变相提高了岩石的抗剪强度，而对岩石抗剪强度贡献最大的是骨架颗粒，故岩石内摩擦角更大，而提供黏聚力的充填胶结物质在张剪破坏中的贡献小，所以法向卸荷中岩石的黏聚力更低。研究成果可为库区涉水边坡在水位升降中的稳定性评价以及考虑实际工况进行参数取值的试验方法选择提供参考。
Abstract:The bank slope rock mass below the flood control restricted water level (145 m) in the Three Gorges Reservoir area has experienced long-term immersion in the process of reservoir water lifting and lowering; the water level changes lead to the rock mass being subjected to two working conditions, tangential loading shearing and normal unloading shearing. The difference in rock shearing characteristics directly affects the stability evaluation of bank slopes in different reservoir operation stages. Tangential loading and normal unloading shear tests were carried out on the typical feldspar quartz sandstone after different soaking days; then the characteristics changes of sandstone shear under the two stress conditions were obtained. The microscopic mechanism of the differences was revealed by solution test, SEM test, and nuclear magnetic resonance test. The results show that: (1) compared with the initial sample, after soaking for 80 days, the cohesion loss of the sample is greater than the loss of internal friction angle. The cohesion of the sample under tangential loading is reduced by 40.5%, and the internal friction Angle is only reduced by 2%, while the cohesion of the sample under normal unloading shear is reduced by 31%, and the internal friction Angle is reduced by 8%. (2) The long-term immersion of the sample results in the dissolution of the cement minerals, the gradual development and penetration of the secondary pores, and the increase of porosity. After 60 days of immersion, basically, the water content, porosity, and pore structure of the sample reach a stable state; the particle skeleton overcoming the shear action is almost no longer affected by the soaking water. This is the reason why the shear properties of the samples with long-term water saturation gradually weaken and become stable. (3) Under normal unloading shear conditions, the deviation between the main crack surface and the theoretical shear surface increases; the fracture surface is more inclined to form “S” and “M” types. The increase of the actual shear plane increases the peak shear stress that the rock can bear. Because the biggest contribution to the rock is the skeleton particle, the internal friction angle is larger, and the filling cementing material that provides cohesion makes less contribution to the tensile shear failure. The cohesion obtained by normal unloading is also lower. This study can provide basic information for the stability evaluation of wading slope in reservoir area with the fluctuation of water level and the selection of test method considering the actual working conditions.
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Key words:
- sandstone /
- shear characteristic /
- tangential loading /
- normal unloading /
- meso-mechanism /
- bank slope /
- Three Gorges Reservoir
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表 1 化合物质量占比
Table 1. Compound mass ratio
名称 Na2O MgO Al2O3 SiO2 K2O CaO 其他 质量占比/% 1.36 2.44 8.43 55.10 1.56 6.85 24.26 
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表 2 加载方案设置
Table 2. Load scheme setup
试验分组 加载目标值 第1步
法向加载/kN第2步
切向加载/kN第3步
法向卸荷/kNA组（切向
加载直剪）10，15，20，25，30 切向加载至破坏 无 B组（法向
卸荷直剪）30 30，35，40，45 法向卸载至破坏
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表 3 砂岩切向加载剪切试验结果
Table 3. Results of tangential loading shear test of sandstone
试样状态 不同法向应力下的切向应力水平 黏聚力
/MPa内摩擦
角/（°）Fn/kN 10 15 20 25 30 σ/MPa 2 3 4 5 6 初始试样 7.71 8.80 10.23 11.59 12.43 5.26 50.66 浸泡10 d 6.98 7.95 9.58 10.87 11.68 4.49 50.89 浸泡20 d 6.52 7.26 9.08 10.23 11.18 3.94 50.89 浸泡40 d 5.80 6.77 8.55 9.85 10.42 3.35 50.89 浸泡60 d 5.56 6.25 8.20 9.28 10.02 3.08 49.96 浸泡80 d 5.51 6.54 7.83 9.02 10.16 3.11 49.64
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表 4 砂岩法向卸荷剪切试验结果
Table 4. Results of normal loading shear test of sandstone
试样状态 不同切向应力下的法向应力水平 黏聚力
/MPa内摩擦
角/（°）Fs/kN 30 35 40 45 τ/MPa 6 7 8 9 初始试样 0.76 1.32 1.91 2.25 4.45 62.87 浸泡10 d 1.14 1.70 2.28 2.73 3.86 61.71 浸泡20 d 1.47 2.09 2.59 3.18 3.37 60.59 浸泡40 d 1.71 2.23 2.84 3.51 3.23 58.97 浸泡60 d 1.81 2.41 3.03 3.70 3.15 57.81 浸泡80 d 1.84 2.47 3.12 3.07 57.82
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表 5 试样破坏模式
Table 5. Sample failure mode
试样状态 不同剪切试验方案试样破坏应力及破坏模式 切向加载 σ=6.00 MPa 法向卸荷 τ=9.00 MPa 法向卸荷 τ=8.00 MPa 法向卸荷 τ=7.00 MPa 法向卸荷 τ=6.00 MPa 初始试样 破坏时应力 σ=6.00 MPa，τ=12.40 MPa σ=2.30 MPa，τ=9.00 MPa σ=1.90 MPa，τ=8.00 MPa σ=1.30 MPa，τ=7.00 MPa σ=0.80 MPa，τ=6.00 MPa 破坏模式 
素描图 
浸泡80 d 破坏时应力 σ=6.00 MPa，τ=10.16 MPa σ=5.34 MPa，τ=9.00 MPa σ=3.12 MPa，τ=8.00 MPa σ=2.47 MPa，τ=7.00 MPa σ=1.84 MPa，τ=6.00 MPa 破坏模式 
素描图 
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表 6 反应方程
Table 6. Reaction equation
矿物名称 反应方程式 碳酸盐岩矿物 CaCO3+CO2+H2O=Ca2++2 ${\mathrm{HCO}}_3^- $ 白云石 CaMg(CO3)2+4H+=Ca2++Mg2++2H2O+2CO2↑ 钾长石 KAlSi3O8+8H2O=K++ ${\mathrm{Al}}({\mathrm{OH}})_4^- $ +3H4SiO4钠长石 NaAlSi3O8+8H2O=Na++ ${\mathrm{Al}}({\mathrm{OH}})_4^- $ +3H4SiO4
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