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摘要:
降雨与灌溉是黄土地区最常见的地灾驱动力。通常情况下，入渗深度较浅且主要受细微观通道的控制，孔隙结构对渗流特性的影响十分显著。为了研究浅层黄土孔隙结构分布规律，以泾阳南塬黄土为研究对象，采用CT断层扫描法和压汞法分析黄土结构，观察并讨论细微观孔隙结构特性随黄土埋深的变化规律。研究表明：①泾阳浅层黄土根据其孔隙结构特征可划分为三层，1～2 m为第一层，3～4 m为第二层，5 m为第三层；②孔径小于1.0 mm的孔隙占总孔隙数量的95%以上，以类球状和柱状的封闭孔隙为主；③孔径大于0.8 mm的孔隙占总孔隙体积的65%以上，多为枝杈状和柱状的连通孔隙；④随着埋深的增加，连通性逐渐降低，大孔隙的变形破坏对黄土结构的稳定起着关键作用；⑤根据压汞试验可知，集粒内孔隙以0.2 μm为界，随着埋深的增加左侧孔隙占比无明显变化，右侧随之增大。研究成果可为进一步探索浅表层黄土细微观孔隙渗流机制提供参考。
Abstract:Rainfall and irrigation are the most common driving forces of geological disasters in loess areas. Generally, the infiltration depth is shallow and mainly controlled by microchannels. The pore structure has a significant influence on the seepage characteristics. Aiming to study the distribution of pore structure in shallow loess, this study analyzes the structural samples of loess using CT tomography and mercury intrusion methods in the southern plateau of Jingyang, Shaanxi Province. The changes in meso and micro pore structure characteristics with the burial depth of loess are observed and revealed. The results show that Jingyang shallow loess can be divided into three layers according to its pore structure characteristics: ① 1−2 m as the first layer, 3−4 m as the second layer, and 5 m as the third layer; ② The diameter of more than 95% of the total pores are less than 1.0 mm, which mainly are spherical and columnar closed pores; ③ while more than 65% of the total pore are larger than 0.8 mm, and most of them are branched and columnar connected pores; ④ With depth increasing, the pore connectivity gradually decreases, and the deformation and failure of macropores play a key role in the stability of loess structure; ⑤ In the mercury intrusion test, intragranular pores are bounded by 0.2 μm. The proportion of pores on the left side shows insignificant change with depth, while on the right side, it increases with depth. This study provides a basis for further exploring the micro pore seepage mechanism of shallow loess in the future.
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Key words:
- pore distribution /
- pore shape distribution /
- CT test /
- Malan loess /
- pore classification
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表 1 泾阳不同深度黄土基本物理参数表
Table 1. Basic physical parameters of Jingyang loess at different depths
埋深/m 天然密度
/（g·cm−3）含水率
/%干密度
/（g·cm−3）比重 孔隙结构 孔隙比 孔隙率 1 1.43 15.97 1.23 2.68 1.180 0.54 2 1.50 19.34 1.26 2.69 1.135 0.53 3 1.52 20.80 1.26 2.68 1.130 0.53 4 1.58 22.54 1.29 2.70 1.090 0.52 5 1.58 20.25 1.31 2.70 1.060 0.51 
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表 2 不同深度黄土微观孔隙尺度分布
Table 2. Distribution of micro-pore size of loess at different depths
深度/m 孔隙尺度分布 微孔隙/% 小孔隙/% 中孔隙/% 大孔隙/% 1 36.80 17.66 28.03 17.50 2 26.63 37.28 23.47 12.61 3 28.52 51.96 17.02 2.50 4 31.43 37.25 27.90 3.42 5 77.84 14.43 5.72 2.01
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表 3 细观孔隙结构定量分析参数
Table 3. Quantitative analysis parameter of mesoscopic pore structure
参数名称 符号 定义 公式 作用 孔隙度 $ {n}_{3\mathrm{D}} $ 土体中孔隙体积所占总体积的百分比 $ n_{3\mathrm{D}}=\dfrac{V_{\mathrm{V}}}{V_{\mathrm{T}}} $ $ {V}_{\mathrm{V}} $ ——孔隙体积/μm³；$ {V}_{\mathrm{T}} $ ——土壤总体积/μm³反映土体的连通程度 连通孔隙度 $ {n}_{\mathrm{e}} $ 土体中连通孔隙（本研究中，认为有公共面接触的
孔隙才视为连通孔隙）体积所占总体积的百分比$ {n}_{\mathrm{e}}=\dfrac{{V}_{\mathrm{c}}}{{V}_{\mathrm{T}}} $ $ {V}_{\mathrm{c}} $ ——连通孔隙体积/ μm³；$ {V}_{\mathrm{T}} $ ——土壤总体积/ μm³反映土体的有效孔隙体积占比 孔隙体积 $ {V}_{3\mathrm{D}} $ 孔隙的总体积 $ V_{3\mathrm{D}}=N\cdot V_0 $ $ {V}_{0} $ ——最小体素单元的体积/μm³；
N——三维孔隙所包含的体素单元数目反映孔隙的体积变化 等效直径 $ {d}_{3\mathrm{D}} $ 在构建三维孔隙结构时，采用形态模型的方法[25]，即
认为孔隙空间是不同直径的重叠球体的集合，
孔隙直径是包含该孔隙体率的最大球体的直径$ d_{3\mathrm{D}}=\sqrt[3]{\dfrac{6\cdot V_{3\mathrm{D}}}{\text{π}}} $ $ \mathrm{\mathit{V}}_{3\mathrm{D}} $ ——孔隙体积/μm³表示孔隙直径的参数 配位数 $ {C}_{\mathrm{n}} $ 每个孔道所连通的喉道个数[26] $ C_{\mathrm{n}}=\dfrac{2\cdot N_{\mathrm{\mathit{\mathrm{B}}}}-N_{\mathrm{\mathit{\mathrm{E}}}}}{N_{\mathrm{\mathit{\mathrm{J}}}}} $ $ {N}_{\mathrm{B}} $ ——支点所连分支孔隙数量；$ {N}_{\mathrm{E}} $ ——端点孔隙数量；$ {N}_{\mathrm{J}} $ ——节点数反映孔隙连通性的指标 形状因子 $ {S} _{3\mathrm{D}} $ 孔隙空间的形状是非常复杂的，所以在网络模型中，
以球体作为标准单元，采用等价的规则的几何形状
近似描述$ S _{3\mathrm{D}}=\dfrac{A_{3\mathrm{D}}^3}{36\mathrm{\text{π}}V_{3\mathrm{D}}^2} $ $ {A}_{3\mathrm{D}} $ ——三维孔隙表面积/μm2；$ {V}_{3\mathrm{D}} $ ——孔隙体积/μm³反映孔隙形状，定量表征孔隙形状偏离球体的程度
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表 4 不同深度土样孔隙的基本几何参数
Table 4. Basic geometric parameters of pores in the soil samples at different depths
土样 孔隙度 连通
孔隙度平均直径
/mm最小直径
/mm最大直径
/mm孔隙连通度
/%JY-1 0.16 0.15 0.495 0.124 4.321 91.69 JY-2 0.09 0.08 0.513 0.124 2.733 83.06 JY-3 0.07 0.05 0.524 0.124 3.427 74.87 JY-4 0.03 0.01 0.531 0.124 4.559 43.06 JY-5 0.03 0.02 0.523 0.124 4.002 50.22
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表 5 基于不同形状因子的孔隙分类表
Table 5. Pore classification based on different shape factors
形状
因子孔隙
类型试样
埋深/m数量比
/%体积
占比/%孔径范围
/μm<2.5 类球状 1 74.76 20.71 124～ 2848 2 82.79 27.19 124～ 2027 3 84.27 28.01 124～ 3298 4 89.34 24.73 124～ 2371 5 84.67 24.60 124～ 3231 2.5～6 柱状 1 19.19 40.30 336～ 2308 2 13.87 42.55 389～ 1966 3 12.23 40.35 347～ 2812 4 8.09 32.98 331～ 2406 5 11.08 29.45 325～ 3666 >6 枝杈状 1 6.05 38.99 566～ 23838 2 3.34 30.26 570～ 2733 3 3.51 31.64 520～ 2987 4 2.47 42.28 530～ 4549 5 4.25 45.95 583～ 4002
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表 6 细微观孔隙尺度划分表
Table 6. Scale division of Fine and Micro Pores
微观孔隙/μm 细观孔隙/μm 微孔隙 小孔隙 中孔隙 大孔隙 <2 [2, 8) [8, 32) [32, 100) ≥100
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