Analysis of electrical resistivity and acoustic wave velocity characteristics in fault structures and their combined application in the detection process
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摘要:
查明断裂构造的具体位置对于工程场址的选择和稳定性评价具有重要意义。高密度电阻率法和声波测井是广泛运用于探测断裂构造的地球物理方法。高密度电阻率法具有对低阻体敏感且探测范围较大的特点，但高密度电阻率法的分辨率有限，难以准确圈定地质体的边界位置；声波测井具有准确识别地层的特点，但其横向探测范围非常有限。为了克服上述问题，结合2种方法在断裂构造探测中各自的优势以提高圈定地质体的精度，文章首先通过物性试验证明岩石破裂前后电阻率与声波波速变化的相关性，随后用一实例分析断裂构造的电阻率与声波波速特征以及两者在探测过程中的联合运用，最后借助声波测井数据对高密度电阻率法反演结果进行深度校正，得到断裂构造在地下空间的三维分布位置。结果表明：岩石破裂后的电阻率与声波波速较未破裂前均偏低；断裂构造的破碎带在高密度电阻率法反演剖面上以低阻异常区域存在，在声波波速曲线上破碎带区域的波速值会有明显的骤降，2种方法的组合探测模式可为断裂构造具体位置的圈定提供更好的指导。钻探结果验证了借助声波测井数据校正后的高密度电阻率法反演结果比未校正之前更加符合实际地质情况。
Abstract:Finding out the specific location of the fault structure is of great significance for the engineering site selection and stability evaluation. Electrical resistivity tomography and acoustic logging are geophysical methods widely used in detecting fracture structures. Although electrical resistivity tomography is sensitive to low resistance bodies and has a large detection range, it is difficult to accurately delineate the boundary position of geological bodies because of its limited resolution. Acoustic logging can identify strata accurately, but its lateral detection range is limited. This study combined the advantages of the two methods in fault structure detection to improve the precision of geological body delineation. Firstly, the correlation between the resistivity of rock before and after fracture and the change of acoustic wave velocity was proved by physical property experiments. Then the case analysis of the resistivity and acoustic wave velocity characteristics of the fault structure and their combined application in the detection process was conducted. Finally, the depth correction of the inversion result of the electrical resistivity tomography was carried out using the acoustic logging data; and the three-dimensional distribution position of the fault structure in the underground space was obtained. The
results show that the resistivity and acoustic wave velocity of the rock after fracture are lower than those before fracture. The fracture zone of the fault structure exists in the inversion section of the electrical resistivity tomography with a low resistivity anomaly region. On the wave velocity curve, the wave velocity value in the fracture zone decreases significantly. The combined detection mode of the two methods could provide a guidance for the delineation of the specific location of the fracture structure. The drilling results also verified that the inversion results of the electrical resistivity tomography corrected by acoustic logging data are more consistent with the actual geological conditions than those without correction.
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表 1 岩石破裂前后的电阻率与声波波速变化特征
Table 1. Characteristics of resistivity and acoustic wave velocity changes in the rocks before and after hydraulic fracturing
岩石
样品岩样
直径
/mm岩样
长度
/mm破裂前 破裂后 电阻率值
/（Ω·m）声波波速值
/（km·s−1）电阻率值
/（Ω·m）声波波速值
/（km·s−1）1 50.50 110.40 1261 6.42 86 5.16 2 50.63 111.54 1892 5.36 139 4.28 3 50.60 110.38 1182 5.21 171 4.72 4 50.47 110.41 1291 5.02 210 4.68 
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表 2 KV与岩体完整程度的对应关系[26]
Table 2. Correspondence between KV and the integrity degree of rock mass
KV >0.75 >0.55～0.75 >0.35～0.55 0.15～0.35 ＜0.15 岩体完整程度 完整 较完整 较破碎 破碎 极破碎
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表 3 声波测井结果
Table 3. Results of acoustic well logging
孔深/m 层厚/m 岩性 声波波速值/（km·s−1） KV值 破碎程度 极小值 极大值 平均值 7.00 10.40 3.40 砾岩 2.00 3.05 2.54 0.26 破碎 19.80 9.40 石英砂岩 3.11 5.00 3.83 0.61 较完整 31.20 11.40 闪长玢岩 1.98 2.48 2.07 0.15 极破碎
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