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摘要:
针对传统数值模拟方法在处理离散岩体和节理方面的不足，依据利用无人机测绘技术及三维地质建模技术的发展，提出一种基于离散元数值分析的露天矿边坡稳定性评价方法。首先利用无人机测地技术获取数字高程模型和数字正射影像数据，然后运用三维地质建模技术构建矿区概化模型，并结合离散裂隙网络，对结构面发育的坡体进行三维建模，最后采用FLAC3D和3DEC软件对边坡稳定性进行计算。结果表明：（1）对复杂地形采用真三维建模并基于离散裂隙网络进行节理化更符合实际工程；采用无人机及三维地质建模技术可有效评价大范围露天矿区的稳定性。（2）构建内蒙古某露天矿区的概化模型，计算得到矿区开挖后竖向回弹量5～7 cm，边坡水平位移不超过3 cm，矿区边坡稳定；考虑节理的离散元数值分析计算所得稳定性系数为1.504，比传统数值模拟获得的稳定系数2.758显著减小，计算结果更符合实际。
Abstract:This study addressed the limitations of conventional numerical simulation techniques for discrete rock masses and joints by introducing a novel method for assessing slope stability in open-pit mines. The approach integrates discrete element numerical analysis with UAV and 3D geological modeling technologies. UAV geodetic technology was employed to obtain DEM and DOM datasets. These datasets facilitate the development of a generalized model of the mining area using advanced 3D geological modeling techniques. Using a discrete fracture network (DFN), the three-dimensional modeling of slopes with fully characterized structural surfaces was constructed. The slope stability was then quantified using FLAC3D and 3DEC software applications. The results show that the modeling technique for intricate terrains in authentic 3D numerical simulations, along with the three-dimensional modeling approach for jointed slopes using the DFN, correspond more closely with practical engineering scenarios. The integration of UAVs and 3D geological modeling technology provides an effective method for ascertaining the stability of extensive open-pit mining regions. A case study of an open-pit mine in Inner Mongolia demonstrates the effectiveness of the proposed method. Post-excavation analysis indicates a vertical rebound of 5–7 cm and a maximum horizontal slope displacement of less than 3 cm, confirming the mine slope’s stability. The computed stability coefficient, incorporating joint presence through discrete element numerical analysis, stood at 1.504. This value is markedly less than the 2.758 stability coefficient derived from traditional numerical simulations, thereby aligning the computational outcomes more closely with observed realities.
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Key words:
- stability evaluation /
- 3D geological modeling /
- numerical simulation /
- FLAC3D /
- 3DEC /
- DFN
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表 1 DEM获取方法对比
Table 1. Get DEM method comparison
方法 优点 缺点 航空摄影测量 方法成熟，精度高，可获取大比例尺DEM 特殊地区受航空管制 高程点或等高线差值 成本低，操作简单 受数据源限制大，数据来源不足 卫星遥感 可以大范围获取DEM 受天气影响较大，可获取的比例尺较小 干涉雷达技术 可以大范围获取DEM，不受天气影响 难以获得大比例尺DEM 激光雷达技术 精度高，可获取大比例尺DEM 技术不成熟，技术门槛高 
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表 2 矿区断层特征表
Table 2. Faults in mining area
编号及性质 断距/m 倾角/（°） 倾向 F51正断层 40～50 70 SW F46正断层 15～20 70 N10°W F70正断层 5～10 76 S～SW F37正断层 3～4 80 S20°W F39正断层 3 70 S7°E～S7°W F77正断层 3～5 80 S10°W F41正断层 3～6 50～70 N30°E F74正断层 5 85 N25°E
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表 3 FLAC3D计算参数
Table 3. FLAC3D calculates parameters
岩土层 密度/（kg·m−3） 弹性模量/GPa 泊松比 黏聚力/ kPa 内摩擦角/（°） 全风化层 1800 0.60 0.31 77 23.1 砂岩 2750 9.85 0.17 298 32.2 砂质泥岩 2530 6.90 0.15 310 26.4 泥岩 2320 9.10 0.20 280 31.0 煤层 1600 7.35 0.20 96 30.1 铁质砂岩 2400 10.20 0.17 305 30.0 石灰岩 2500 12.00 0.15 420 38.0 回填土 1800 0.30 0.32 18 29.0
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表 4 节理计算参数
Table 4. Calculation parameters of joints
法向刚度
/MPa剪切刚度
/MPa抗拉刚度
/MPa黏聚力
/kPa内摩擦角
/（°）砂岩岩体 130 26 15 300 32.2 虚拟节理 4333 2166 15 300 32.2 节 理 15.0 5.0 0.01 10 32.0
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