Geological carbon storage and compressed gas energy storage: current status, challenges, and prospects
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摘要:
碳封存与地质储能对于减缓全球变暖、实现我国“双碳”目标都是不可缺少的重要技术。文章首先介绍了碳封存与地质储能的含义，明确两者的储库选择具有共性，含水层、枯竭油气层、盐穴都可作为储层，但碳封存要求长期储存，而地质储能则需多次循环储存和释放，选址评价时需充分考虑。碳捕集与封存（CCS）项目在全球快速增长，正在向网络化和集群化发展，我国CCS项目目前以CO2驱油为主，直接封存项目较少，但未来直接封存项目将成为主流，也在积极向集群式发展。我国碳封存地质条件良好，油气层封存潜力估计比较准确，咸水层封存潜力还存在较大不确定性。目前地质储能项目以盐穴压缩空气储能为主，德、美及我国共有5座压缩空气盐穴储能电站投产运行。我国盐穴资源丰富，但地质条件复杂，适宜的建库地点集中在东部地区，已有多个项目在建。相比盐穴，孔隙地层如含水层和枯竭油气层分布更广，具备储能潜力，但需解决多相流和化学反应等技术问题。现有场地选址、潜力评价、效率优化和监测预警技术与大规模实际工程应用要求仍存在显著差距。目前传统的水文地质勘查方法与技术已不能满足碳封存与地质储能的选址要求，另外也缺乏高效的CO2地质封存的地质环境背景监测与风险控制技术及针对储层及盖层压力和地应力变化的低成本、精准连续监测技术。在碳封存与地质储能工程应用中，一些关键设备组件（如监测、动力等）也比较缺乏自主知识产权的针对性设计与优化。我国储层模拟软件在超大规模实际场地复杂储层的高效模拟方面亟待突破。未来应在碳封存及地质储能资源调查与场地选址关键技术、碳封存与地质储能工程化装备方面加大研发力度，并针对咸水层、枯竭油气藏等主要储库资源开展多类型工程示范研究，建设多类型碳封存及压缩空气储能工程示范基地。
Abstract:Carbon capture and storage (CCS) and geological energy storage are essential technologies for mitigating global warming and achieving China’s “dual carbon” goals. Carbon storage involves injecting carbon dioxide into suitable geological formations at depth of 800 meters or more for permanent isolation. Geological energy storage, on the other hand, involves compressing air or other gases using surplus electricity during off-peak hours and temporarily storing them in underground reservoirs. These gases are then released during peak hours for power generation. Both technologies share commonalities in reservoir selection, with aquifers, depleted oil and gas reservoirs, and salt caverns all serving as potential storage sites. Carbon storage demands long-term containment, while geological energy storage necessitates multiple cycles of storage and release, requiring careful consideration during site evaluation. CCS projects are rapidly increasing globally, evolving towards networked and clustered configurations. In China, CCS projects are primarily focused on CO2-enhanced oil recovery, with fewer dedicated storage projects. However, direct storage projects are projected to dominate in the future and are also transitioning towards clustered development. China possesses favorable geological conditions for carbon storage, with relatively accurate estimates for oil and gas reservoir storage potential. Nevertheless, significant uncertainties persist regarding the storage capacity of saline aquifers. Compressed air energy storage in salt caverns is currently the predominant type of geological energy storage projects. Germany, the USA, and China have a total of five operating compressed air salt cavern energy storage power plants. China has abundant salt cavern resources, albeit with complex geological conditions. Suitable construction sites are concentrated in the eastern regions, and numerous projects are already underway. Compared to salt caverns, porous formations such as aquifers and depleted oil and gas reservoirs are more widespread and offer higher storage potential. However, technical challenges related to multiphase flow and chemical reactions need to be addressed. However, current site selection, potential assessment, efficiency optimization, and monitoring technologies face considerable challenges in meeting the demands of large-scale practical applications. Traditional hydrogeological exploration methods prove inadequate for selecting suitable sites, highlighting the need for efficient monitoring and risk control techniques. Additionally, there is a lack of cost-effective and accurate continuous monitoring technologies specifically designed for pressure and stress changes in storage and caprock formations. The development of key equipment components, such as monitoring and power generation systems, with independent intellectual property rights remains limited. Moreover, our reservoir simulation software requires further advancements to effectively simulate complex reservoirs at large scales. It is crucial to prioritize research and development in resource exploration, site selection technologies, and engineering equipment for both carbon sequestration and geological energy storage. The establishment of diverse demonstration projects and facilities for various storage options such as saline aquifers, depleted oil/gas fields are needed in the future as well.
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