Chemical characteristics and irrigation suitability of mine pit water at an open-cast coal mine in northern Shaanxi
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摘要:
黄河中游某露天煤矿位于我国西北干旱半干旱地区，利用矿坑涌水进行排土场复垦区生态灌溉是矿坑水资源化处理的有效途径，而目前对灌溉水质特征及水土作用的认识并不充分。通过现场采样与室内水化学测试、土柱淋滤试验，分析矿坑涌水水化学特征及灌溉过程中的水土作用，采用钠离子吸附比、可溶性钠百分比、残余碳酸钠与渗透指数等指标评价矿坑涌水灌溉适宜性。结果表明：（1）矿坑涌水水化学类型为HCO3—Na型，阳离子以Na+为主，阴离子以${\mathrm{HCO}}_3^- $为主，水化学成分主要受阳离子交换作用与矿物溶解作用的影响，溶解性总固体主要来源为Na+、Cl−、${\mathrm{SO}}_4^{2-} $与${\mathrm{HCO}}_3^- $，矿坑涌水可以直接用于灌溉；（2）在淋滤试验过程中发生了溶解作用和阳离子交换作用，初期渗出液中Ca2+浓度明显增加，随着淋滤试验进行，渗出液水化学类型由HCO3—Ca型逐渐向HCO3—Na型演化；（3）随淋滤时间增加，渗出液阳离子交换强度升高，淋滤渗出液中各项灌溉评价指标值有升高趋势，但总体仍符合灌溉限值要求。研究结果可为矿坑涌水合理利用提供科学依据。
Abstract:In the arid and semi-arid middle reaches of the Yellow River in northwest China, an open-cast coal mine has adopted the use of pit water for ecological irrigation in dump reclamation areas, which is an effective approach for the pit water resource utilization. However, the irrigation water quality and the interactions between the pit water and soil in the long-term irrigation remain insufficiently understood. Field sampling, water chemical testing, and soil column leaching experiments in lab were conducted to analyze the mine pit water quality and the water-soil interactions during the irrigation process. The irrigation suitability of pit water was evaluated by using indicators such as sodium adsorption ratio, soluble sodium percentage, residual sodium carbonate, and permeability index. The results show that the water chemical type of the pit water is HCO3—Na, with Na+ as the main cation and ${\mathrm{HCO}}_3^- $as the main anion. The water chemical composition is mainly influenced by cation exchange and mineral dissolution. Total dissolved solids are mainly derived from Na+, Cl−, ${\mathrm{SO}}_4^{2-} $, and ${\mathrm{HCO}}_3^- $. The pit water can be directly used for irrigation. During the leaching experiment, dissolution and cation exchange were evident, with a significant increase in Ca2+ concentration in the early leachate. As the leaching experiment progressed, the water chemical type of the leachate gradually evolved from HCO3—Ca type to HCO3—Na type; with the increase of leaching time, the cation exchange intensity in the leachate increased, and the irrigation evaluation indicators in the leachate showed an increasing trend, though remaining within acceptable irrigation thresholds. This study can provide a basis for the rational utilization of mine pit water.
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Key words:
- mine pit water /
- hydrogeochemistry /
- irrigation suitability /
- soil column leaching
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表 1 矿坑涌水及淋滤试验渗出液的一般化学指标测试结果
Table 1. General chemical index test results of mine pit seepage and leachate from leaching test
样品 质量浓度/（mg·L−1） pH Ca2+ Mg2+ Na+ K+ ${\mathrm{HCO}}_3^- $ ${\mathrm{SO}}_4^{2-} $ Cl− TDS F− 矿坑涌水 17.4 11.3 95.5 3.1 261.7 69.4 10.5 142 0.6 7.1 第1天 45.1 9.1 11.2 2.3 154.6 19.8 8.4 97 0.9 6.9 第3天 47.9 9.9 42.3 2.5 202.2 61.3 9.2 134 0.7 6.9 第5天 43.8 8.8 52.3 2.4 207.0 62.6 9.4 137 0.8 7.2 第7天 38.3 7.8 63.1 2.3 214.1 64.8 10.0 145 0.8 7.2 第9天 36.3 7.3 67.2 2.2 223.6 65.5 10.0 146 0.8 7.2 第11天 34.5 6.9 72.0 2.2 226.0 64.5 9.8 148 0.8 7.1 第13天 33.3 6.6 62.8 2.1 226.0 65.0 9.8 149 0.7 7.1 第15天 32.9 6.5 73.1 2.1 226.0 65.9 10.0 152 0.7 7.1 
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表 2 矿坑涌水毒理学指标质量浓度
Table 2. Toxicological index mass concentration of pit water inflow
样品 质量浓度/（mg·L−1） Cu Zn Pb Cr Cd As Hg 矿坑涌水 0.001993 0.000917 0.000114 0.000673 0.000072 0.002574 0.0009274 农田灌溉水质标准 ≤1.0 ≤2.0 ≤0.1 ≤0.1 ≤0.005 ≤0.05 ≤0.001
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表 3 水化学参数相关系数矩阵
Table 3. Correlation matrix of hydrochemical parameters of leaching mine water
水化学参数 Ca2+ K+ Mg2+ Na+ Cl− ${\mathrm{SO}}_4^{2-} $ ${\mathrm{HCO}}_3^- $ pH TDS Ca2+ 1 K+ −0.407 1 Mg2+ −0.127 0.937** 1 Na+ −0.845** 0.287 −0.058 1 Cl− −0.804** 0.229 −0.112 0.976** 1 ${\mathrm{SO}}_4^{2-} $ −0.483 0.137 −0.172 0.860** 0.867** 1 ${\mathrm{HCO}}_3^- $ −0.835** 0.355 0.017 0.984** 0.955** 0.879** 1 pH −0.437 −0.022 −0.305 0.684* 0.727* 0.689* 0.625 1 TDS −0.479 −0.130 −0.439 0.840** 0.857** 0.954** 0.830** 0.701* 1 注：*表示置信度在0.05水平，相关性显著；**表示置信度在0.01水平，相关性显著。
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表 4 灌溉水质适宜性分级标准
Table 4. Classification standards for irrigation water quality suitability
评价参数 分类 适宜等级 SAR/（mmol·L−1）1/2 ISAR<10 非常适宜 10≤ISAR≤18 适宜 ISAR>18 不适宜 RSC/（mmol·L−1） ISAR <1.25 非常适宜 1.25≤IRSC≤2.5 适宜 IRSC>2.5 不适宜 SSP/% ISSP<60 非常适宜 60≤ISSP≤80 不确定 ISSP>80 不适宜 PI/% IP>75% 非常适宜 25%≤IP≤75% 适宜 IP<25% 不适宜
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