Identification of karst water inflow sources in the main shaft of Lianhuashan, Jingxiang phosphate mine, Hubei Province
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摘要:
岩溶矿区受岩溶发育的影响，非均质性强烈，在延深开采过程中极易出现突涌水现象以及地下水环境污染等问题。莲花山主井施工过程中受涌突水问题的困扰，施工进展缓慢。在系统整理已有水文地质资料的基础上，通过对主井及周边水文孔抽水试验前后水化学数据、同位素数据分析并结合高精度野外示踪试验，查明了主井的充水水源及主要径流途径。结果表明莲花山矿段内ZK02钻孔地下水持续受南部磷石膏渣场渗滤液的泄漏补给，水化学类型为SO4—Mg•Ca；氢氧同位素显示大气降水为区域地下水的主要充水水源之一，主井抽水后水化学类型由HCO3•SO4—Mg•Ca转变为SO4•HCO3—Mg•Ca，反映抽水形成的降落漏斗促使ZK01的灯影组岩溶水和ZK02的渗滤液污染水共同补给主井；示踪试验揭示地下水流向为渣场→ZK02→ZK03→主井，矿段内地下水从南部向北东部径流，在F13断层影响下，渗滤液沿着张家冲向斜核部至F09断层，并沿着其倾向从主井涌出。研究结果可为主井防治岩溶水害、地下水污染和水资源开发利用管理提供参考依据。
Abstract:Karst mining areas are characterized by pronounced heterogeneity due to extensive karst development, making them particularly susceptible to water inrush and groundwater contamination during deep extension mining. During the construction of the main shaft in Lianhuashan, the construction progress was slow because of being troubled by water inrush problems. This study identified the water-filling sources and main runoff paths of the main shaft by analyzing the hydrochemical data and isotope data before and after the pumping tests of the main shaft and surrounding hydro-holes and combining with high-precision field tracer experiments. The results show that the groundwater in drilling hole ZK02 within the Lianhuashan mining section is continuously replenished by the leakage of leachate from the southern phosphogypsum slag yard, with hydrochemical type of SO4—Mg•Ca. The hydrogen and oxygen isotopes show that atmospheric precipitation is one of the main water-filling sources of regional groundwater. After the main shaft pumping, the hydrochemical type changes from HCO3•SO4—Mg•Ca to SO4•HCO3—Mg•Ca, indicating that the drawdown funnel formed by pumping promotes the joint replenishment of the karst water of ZK01 and the leachate-polluted water of ZK02 to the main shaft. The tracer test reveals that the groundwater flow direction is from the slag yard→ZK02→ZK03→the main shaft. Regional flow is predominantly from the south, and under the structural influence of the F13 fault, leachate migrates along the Zhangjiachong syncline axis toward the F09 fault, eventually discharging through the main shaft along its dip direction. This study can provide a scientific basis for the prevention and control of karst water hazards, groundwater pollution, and the management of water resource development and utilization in the main shaft.
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表 1 研究区样品水化学数据及同位素组成
Table 1. Hydrochemical data and isotopic composition of samples from the study area
样品 点位 类型 pH TDS/
（mg·L−1）K+/
（mg·L−1）Ca2+/
（mg·L−1）Na+/
（mg·L−1）Mg2+/
（mg·L−1）${\mathrm{CO}}_3^{2-} $ /
（mg·L−1）Cl−/
（mg·L−1）${\mathrm{SO}}_4^{2-} $ /
（mg·L−1）δD
/‰δ18O
/‰δ34S
/‰d
/‰灯影组—
陡山沱组
混合水样ZK01 抽水前 7.24 371.11 1.12 99.59 5.07 78.02 0.42 4.74 64.63 −50.4 −7.92 3.74 12.96 抽水中 7.15 420.43 0.85 96.86 4.72 89.93 0.35 5.17 105.045 / / / / 抽水后 7.20 419.20 0.69 94.45 5.09 75.77 0.41 4.68 106.27 −50.5 −7.93 3.08 13.04 ZK03 抽水前 7.15 954.60 1.50 171.07 21.23 163.47 0.42 23.89 513.96 −48.0 −7.44 1.11 11.52 抽水中 7.16 953.27 2.35 163.71 20.02 165.92 0.43 20.73 514.51 — — — — 抽水后 7.19 853.27 3.48 144.21 17.05 152.90 0.42 16.18 447.35 −48.9 −7.54 1.15 11.42 渗滤液
水样渣场 2.23 10919.19 410.39 518.42 232.60 4586.08 — 169.20 5930.00 — — 1.67 — 尾矿库 6.05 11667.92 101.38 500.95 1268.74 318.06 0.03 64.05 9890.00 — — −0.96 —
灯影组
水样ZK01 抽水前 7.12 407.68 1.30 107.00 4.39 66.40 — 7.97 93.80 −50.6 −7.92 4.33 12.76 抽水中 7.02 372.20 1.12 80.89 3.92 49.40 0.29 6.33 88.70 — — — — 抽水后 7.00 375.78 0.70 87.91 4.38 52.70 0.27 5.36 96.0 0 −50.5 −7.95 3.89 13.10 ZK02
（小流量）抽水前 6.48 2814.02 12.90 236.10 67.70 293.01 0.16 35.20 2090.01 −43.3 −6.17 1.84 6.06 抽水中 6.55 2659.25 12.90 226.11 63.11 247.12 0.18 32.70 2010.02 −43.3 −6.19 / 6.22 抽水后 6.63 2563.52 12.70 209.03 60.52 275.05 0.21 65.90 1860.10 −43.9 −6.32 1.76 6.66 ZK02
（大流量）抽水前 6.52 2735.59 12.20 213.07 61.80 254.02 0.17 32.80 2080.03 −43.6 −6.23 1.80 6.24 抽水中 6.54 2382.13 16.40 186.12 55.60 152.03 0.17 29.20 1840.12 −43.7 −6.29 — 6.62 抽水后 6.74 2158.61 12.30 199.05 56.40 227.00 0.26 28.10 1550.05 −44.5 −6.44 1.71 7.02 ZK03 抽水前 6.73 946.34 2.44 153.08 15.60 120.01 0.19 15.00 551.00 −47.9 −7.37 2.03 11.06 抽水中 6.78 917.44 2.85 152.11 15.70 111.00 0.20 14.40 541.01 — — — — 抽水后 6.77 919.01 3.47 141.21 15.90 96.50 0.19 15.20 556.03 −48.7 −7.49 1.76 11.22 主井 抽水前 7.90 444.72 9.12 91.99 8.78 75.77 1.65 14.27 170.88 −50.8 −7.90 3.08 12.40 抽水后 7.38 684.81 7.70 122.65 12.42 113.52 0.58 14.38 342.41 −49.3 −7.62 1.30 11.66 注：“—”为低于检测值，未检测出具体数据或未检测；“d”为“d-excess值”，代指氘盈余；ZK02钻孔进行2次抽水试验（小流量、大流量）。 
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表 2 基于示踪试验求得的部分径流通道参数
Table 2. Calculated flow channel parameters based on tracer tests
参数 N-ZK01 N-ZK02 N-ZK03 投放时间 2024年4月28日 2024年4月28日 2024年4月28日 示踪剂 罗丹明 荧光增白剂 食盐 投放量/kg 1 1 300 平面距离/m 129.87 64.52 46.97 平均流量/（m3·h−1） 90 90 90 初次检测时间/min 1490 325 104 放水条件下平均流速
/（m·d−1）135.94 170.45 279.49 天然条件下平均流速
/（m·d−1）22.54 31.09 91.23 峰值浓度/（μg·L−1） 98.95 20 832 回收率/% 0.19 0.3 0.43 弥散系数/（m2·s−1） 0.85 0.15 0.42 径流通道储水量/m3 128.97 31.92 16.83 径流通道横截面积/m2 0.66 0.33 0.24 管道平均直径/m 0.92 0.64 0.55 雷诺数 1447 1263 1779 佩克莱数 0.24 0.85 0.36
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