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摘要:
我国是世界重要的矿业大国，长期大规模、高强度的矿产资源开发遗留下数量众多的废弃矿山，严重破坏了矿山所在地的生态环境，已成为我国国土空间生态修复工作的重点和难点问题。为了适应当前国土空间生态修复新形势和新要求，支撑服务矿山生态修复工作，基于已发布实施的《矿山生态修复技术规范》，在总结以往矿山地质环境治理和生态修复工程实施经验的基础上，阐述了矿山生态修复总体思路与基本原则，明确了矿山生态修复的工作流程；提出了矿山基础调查技术方法和生态影响分级标准，以及矿山生态修复参照系统构建方法；最后根据矿山场地地质环境条件和生态破坏程度归纳出自然恢复、辅助修复和生态重建3种生态修复模式，并给出了不同模式下的技术措施。研究为进一步规范我国矿山环境保护与综合治理工作，加快推进矿山生态修复提供参考。
Abstract:China is a major mining country in the world, and has experienced extensive ecological degradation at mine sites due to long-term, large-scale, and high-intensity mineral resource extraction. The resulting proliferation of abandoned mines has severely damaged local ecosystems, posing a critical and complex challenge for the ecological restoration of territorial spaces. In response to the new situation and requirements of current ecological restoration of territorial space, and to better support mine ecological restoration, based on the already implemented technical standards for mine ecological restoration, this study outlined the overall approach and basic principles of mine ecological restoration and clarified the business process of mine ecological restoration. Technical methods for basic investigation of mines and criteria for grading ecological impact, as well as methods for constructing reference systems for mine ecological restoration were proposed. It summarized three ecological restoration models—natural recovery, assisted recovery, and ecological reconstruction—based on the geological environmental conditions and degree of ecological damage of mine sites, and then provided corresponding ecological restoration technical measures for each model. The objective is to further standardize the mine environmental protection and comprehensive management in China and accelerate the progress of mine ecological restoration.
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Key words:
- mines /
- geologic environment /
- ecological environment /
- ecological impact /
- ecological restoration
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表 1 矿山生态修复参照系统构成与指标
Table 1. Components and indicators of mine ecological restoration reference system
属性要素 指标构成 生态系统结构 生态系统空间构成、生态景观特性、生物多样性 生境条件 地形地貌类型、水土条件、水文气象条件、光热条件 生态胁迫因素 地质安全隐患、地表破损、岩石裸露、水土流失、植被破坏、水土污染、土地损毁、外来物种入侵 物种组成 植物物种类型、动物物种类型、本地先锋物种类型、特色物种类型 生态系统功能 水源涵养、水土保持、防风固沙、碳汇能力、生物多样性 外部交换 与周边区域的空间连通性和景观协调性，包括地貌连通性、水系连通性、植被连通性，风向一致性、光照一致性、坡向一致性 
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表 2 矿山生态修复定位与方向
Table 2. Positioning and direction of mine ecological restoration
生态修复定位 矿山生态修复方向 农业空间 矿山位于国土空间规划的农业空间区域，修复方向优先考虑恢复农业生产功能，宜耕则耕、宜园则园、宜林则林、宜水则水；无法恢复农业生产功能的应恢复生态系统功能 城镇空间 矿山位于国土空间规划的城镇空间区域，修复方向优先考虑恢复城镇开发利用条件，盘活工矿废弃地利用；矿山及周边自然生态景观良好或矿山拥有悠久矿业开发历史、珍贵矿业遗迹和丰富矿业文化，可考虑创建矿山主题公园[28 − 29]，提升城市生态品质；无法恢复城镇开发利用条件，应恢复生态系统功能、提升生态质量 生态空间 矿山位于国土空间规划的生态空间区域，修复方向优先考虑恢复生态系统功能。生态保护红线内[30]，须修复生态系统，禁止任何开发活动或改变生态用地的用途；生态保护红线外，可考虑在不妨碍现有生态功能的前提下，适度开展国土开发、资源和景观利用，但严格限制建设占用等不可逆变化
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表 3 矿山生态修复模式及适宜的场地条件
Table 3. Mine ecological restoration models and their suitable site conditions
矿山生态修复模式 适宜的场地条件 自然恢复 场地具备一定的水土条件，仅存在轻微地质环境破坏，不存在水土污染，地质稳定性良好，地表仅存在少量土地损毁或水资源破坏，仅局部植被盖度与质量受到影响，物种生境条件稳定，生态系统结构与功能完好[8] 辅助修复 场地存在一定的矿山地质环境破坏，地质稳定性较差，或场地局部存在水土污染，存在一定程度土地损毁、水资源破坏，部分植被盖度与质量受到影响，物种生境条件较为稳定，生态系统结构与功能基本完好[8] 生态重建 场地存在严重矿山地质环境破坏，地质条件不稳定，或场地存在具有影响环境安全的重大水土污染问题，或存在严重土地损毁、水资源破坏，地表植被生境受到严重影响，生态退化严重[8]
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改良方式 常用方法 土壤结构改良 ①原土过筛：将场地的表土经过人工或机械筛土，去除粗颗粒石块、瓦砾、杂物等，改善土质结构，原土过筛后再重新摊平；
②基质调配：向土壤中添加黏结材料、保水材料、轻质颗粒（珍珠岩、陶粒、蛭石类）、有机纤维、腐殖肥等物料，改善土质结构；当土壤过砂或过黏时，可采用黏土或砂土相互掺混的办法；
③化学改良：使用石灰、石膏、磷石膏、氯化钙、硫酸亚铁、腐殖酸钙等化学改良剂，调节土壤酸碱度至中性土壤肥力改良 ①添加肥料：向表土层中施加有机肥、无机肥、复合肥料、复混肥料等提高土壤肥力；
②绿肥改良：选择豆科、禾本科、十字花科作为绿肥作物，采用套种、轮作、混播等种植方式，通过适当的播种与管理，最终实现翻压还田，改善土壤肥力；
③原地沤肥：采集场地附近的野生杂草、树叶、农作物秸秆等，采用原地翻压、堆土、施水等措施沤制绿色肥料，改善土壤肥力；
④客土覆盖：采取异地肥力较好的客土摊铺到场地表土之上，覆土厚度[2]根据复垦方向确定土壤活力改良 ①生物改良：向表土层中添加微生物菌剂、微生物肥料、生物有机肥、土壤调理剂等改善土壤活力；
②封育养护：封闭场地，将有机物料铺覆于场地之上，通过喷灌、滴灌、微灌等施水措施改善土壤水分条件
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表 5 不同场地用途对应的土壤重构质量要求[40]
Table 5. Soil reconstruction quality requirements for different land uses[40]
修复场地用途 土壤重构质量要求 场地修复后
用作耕地有效表土厚度不小于 40 cm，土壤质地以砂壤土和砂质黏土为主，砾石含量不超过 20%，有机质含量不小于 1.5%， pH 值介于 6.0～8.5 之间，控制土壤容重不超过1.45 g/cm3 场地修复后
用作园地有效表土厚度不小于 40 cm，土壤质地以砂壤土和砂质黏土为主，砾石含量不超过 20%，有机质含量不小于 1.5%，pH值介于 6.0～8.5 之间，控制土壤容重不超过 1.45 g/cm3 场地修复后
用作林地有效表土厚度不小于 20 cm，土壤质地以砂土和粉黏土为主，砾石含量不超过 30%，有机质含量不小于 1%，pH 值介于 5.5～8.5 之间，控制土壤容重不超过 1.5 g/cm3 场地修复后
用作草地有效表土厚度不小于 20 cm，土壤质地以砂土和壤质黏土为主，砾石含量不超过20%，有机质含量不小于 1%，pH值介于6.0～8.5 之间，控制土壤容重不超过 1.45 g/cm3
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