Characteristics and causal mechanism analysis of geological hazards induced by underground mining in the Longtan formation coal mine group in Guizhou
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摘要:
长期以来，从事矿山地质灾害成因分析的专家学者主要从自然因素、人为因素两方面来研究，但尚未论证引发地质灾害的主要原因及次要原因。自然因素指地形地貌、地质构造、岩溶作用、降雨、风化作用以及植物根劈等天然原因；人为因素指采矿等人为活动。文章通过现场调查、工程测量、综合分析，总结了贵州龙潭组地层煤矿开采引发的地质灾害特点，以AH煤矿为例，地质灾害主要发育有地面塌陷、崩塌2类，其中塌陷坑均发育于第四系，规模均为小型；崩塌（危岩体）发育于长兴组灰岩，具有凹岩腔较为发育、受陡倾裂隙控制等特点，按体积分类为中小型危岩，按所处相对高度分类均为中位危岩。采用理论计算及图解法，从煤层开采安全深度及采空区影响范围等2个维度来定量分析，研究表明该煤矿范围内地面塌陷的形成原因为地下采煤造成；崩塌危岩体的险情形成，地下采煤为主要诱发因素，自然条件为次要因素。研究有助于完善类似矿山地质灾害成因分析理论，对于类似矿山地质灾害防治工作具有理论指导意义。
Abstract:For a long time, experts and scholars engaged in the analysis of the causes of mine geological disasters have primarily studied two aspects: natural factors and human factors. Natural factors refer to natural causes such as topography, geological structures, karst processes, rainfall, weathering, and plant root splitting. Human factors refer to human activities such as mining. However, the main and secondary causes of geological disasters triggered by these factors have not been thoroughly investigated. This paper takes AH coal mine as an example and, through field investigations, engineering surveys, and comprehensive analysis, summarizes the characteristics of geological disasters induced by the mining of the Longtan formation coal mines in Guizhou. The main geological disasters observed include ground subsidence and collapse. The subsidence pits are all developed in the Quaternary system and are of small-scale. Collapses (hazardous rock masses) are developed in the Changxing formation limestone, characterized by well-developed rock cavities, and controlled by steeply inclined fractures. They are classified as medium-sized hazardous rock masses based on volume and as intermediate hazardous rock masses based on relative elevation. Using theoretical calculations and graphical methods, a quantitative analysis is conducted from two dimensions: the safe depth of coal mining and the range of influence of goaf (the area left behind after coal extraction). The research indicates that the formation of ground subsidence within the coal mine area is primarily caused by underground coal mining while the perilous situation of rockfall masses is mainly induced by underground coal mining, with natural conditions playing a secondary role. This study contributes to the improvement of theoretical analysis of the causes of similar mining geological hazards and provides theoretical guidance for the prevention andcontrol of similar mine geological disasters.
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Key words:
- Longtan formation /
- coal mining /
- geological disaster /
- safety depth /
- displacement angle
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表 1 AH煤矿矿区危岩体特征表
Table 1. Characteristic table of dangerous rock mass in AH coal mine area
编号 宽度/m 高度/m 均厚/m 体积/m3 规模 危岩类型 坡向/（°） 坡度/（°） 主要结构面 失稳方式 威胁对象 险情等级 WY1 33 24 18 14256 中型 中位 100 80 40°∠78°、70°∠78° 倾倒 ① 中型 WY2 20 26 8 4160 小型 中位 95 80 20°∠75°、90°∠75° 倾倒 ② 中型 WY3 13 26 7 2366 小型 中位 105 80 20°∠75°、90°∠75° 倾倒 ② 中型 WY4 6 25 6 900 小型 中位 85 78 30°∠75°、115°∠75° 倾倒 ② 中型 WY5 9 35 3 788 小型 中位 135 85 40°∠80°、300°∠80° 倾倒 ② 中型 WY6 14 34 5 2380 小型 中位 150 85 45°∠80°、130°∠80° 倾倒 ② 中型 注：①为办公楼人员、危岩顶部通信塔；②为下部村民、附近人员、耕地。 
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表 2 系数C值表
Table 2. Coefficient C value table
h/m① 缓倾斜煤层② 倾斜煤层③ 急倾斜煤层④ 0 1.00 1.00 1.00 10 1.00 1.00 1.00 20 0.85 0.80 0.75 30 0.70 0.60 0.50 40 0.55 0.40 0.25 50 0.45 0.20 0.00 60 0.30 0.00 0.00 70 0.15 0.00 0.00 80 0.00 0.00 0.00 注：①h/m为两层煤之间的间距与下一层煤层厚度的比值；②缓倾斜煤层指煤层倾角<15°；③倾斜煤层指煤层倾角为15°～45°；④急倾斜煤层指煤层倾角>45°。
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表 3 AH煤矿安全深度计算表
Table 3. Calculation table safety depth in AH coal mine
煤层编号 煤层厚度/m 两层煤之间的间距/m 两层煤之间的间距与
下一层煤层厚度的比值/mC 综合作用厚度/m 安全深度/m 赋存深度/m M14 1.38 1.38 276 0～185 M15 1.66 5.64 3 1.00 3.04 608 0～192 M16 2.96 26.01 9 1.00 6.00 1 200 0～220 M18 1.86 15.60 8 1.00 7.86 1 572 0～238 M21 1.13 10.90 10 1.00 8.99 1 798 0～251 M28 1.63 53.93 33 0.54 6.48 1 297 0～306 M32 0.94 30.33 32 0.56 4.57 914 0～338
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