Development characteristics and kinematic characteristic of debris flow in Maojia gully, Kangding-Xinduqiao Expressway
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摘要:
毛家沟位于川西藏东交通廊道高山峡谷地区，地形切割强烈，山体陡峻，沟内松散物源储量大、分布广，且短时强降雨频发，具备暴发大型泥石流灾害的可能。拟建康定—新都桥高速公路选线比较方案均需穿越毛家沟，泥石流成为控制地质选线的重要因素。文章通过现场调查、遥感解译，基于GIS技术获取了毛家沟及其2条大型支沟沟道流域形态参数。利用雨洪修正法，通过Matlab和Python揭示了沟道不同部位、不同降雨频率下的泥石流峰值流量、流速、泥深及整体冲击力等动力学特征参数，系统评价了康新高速2个选线方案受泥石流暴发威胁程度。结果表明：降雨频率P =1%时，流量在堵溃点陡增20.8%～122.9%，N3线1#桥（K线1#桥）、N3线2#桥、K线2#桥的流量分别为203.71，298.34，148.73 m3/s，影响高度分别为12.06，12.18，11.64 m，4处大桥均存在桥墩被泥石流冲击淤埋的风险，需做好泥石流预警及治理防护措施。
Abstract:Maojia gully is located in the high mountain canyon area of the western Sichuan and eastern Xizang transportation corridor, with strong terrain cutting, steep mountains, large reserves and wide distribution of loose material sources in gully, and frequent short-term heavy rainfall, which has the possibility of large-scale debris flow disasters. The comparison scheme of the proposed Kangding to Xinduqiao Expressway route selection needs to pass through Maojia gully, and the debris flow becomes an important factor controlling the geological route selection. In this paper, the morphological parameters of Maojia gully and its two large branches gullies were obtained by field investigation, remote sensing interpretation and GIS technology. By using the stormwater correction method, Matlab and Python were used to reveal the kinematic characteristic of debris flow, such as flow rate, velocity, depth of debris flow and overall impact force of debris flow in different parts of the channel and different rainfall frequencies, and systematically evaluated the level of threat of the two route selection schemes of Kangding—Xinduqiao Expressway by debris flow outbreak. The results show that when the rainfall frequency P=1%, Flow rate increases of 20.8% to 122.9% at the plugging and collapse points, the flow rate of N3 line 1# bridge (K line 1# bridge), N3 line 2# bridge and K line 2# bridge are 203.71, 298.34, 148.73 m3/s, and the affected height is 12.06, 12.18, 11.64 m, respectively. There is a risk that the piers of the 4 bridges will be silted attacked by debris flow impact, and debris flow early warning and management and protection measures will be vital.
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表 1 毛家沟主、支沟流域特征参数
Table 1. Basin characterization parameters of main and branch ditches basins in Maojia gully
沟域 流域江水面积/km2 江水沟长/km 平均纵坡降/‰ 毛家沟 144.29 23.48 75.30 磨子沟 20.73 8.18 174.85 野人沟 42.54 11.73 182.50 3#支沟 1.19 1.82 472.79 4#支沟 4.75 3.24 223.86 5#支沟 4.40 2.95 279.51 6#支沟 4.84 3.18 235.62 7#支沟 5.97 3.75 163.83 8#支沟 6.91 4.53 169.08 9#支沟 3.13 1.98 228.49 10#支沟 4.76 2.42 174.81 1-1#支沟 6.56 3.20 155.96 2-1#支沟 5.75 3.69 199.59 2-2#支沟 8.67 3.80 189.96 8-1#支沟 0.68 0.60 381.43 
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表 2 堵溃点位置及成因
Table 2. The location and cause of the plugging point
沟道 堵溃点 距沟口位置/km 堵塞系数 沟床糙率系数 堵塞原因 毛家沟 D1 4.2 1.9 20 磨子沟、野人沟
挤压主沟1.8 18 D2 6.9 左岸崩滑体 1.7 16 D3 9.5 6#、7#支沟
挤压主沟1.6 14 D4 16.2 大块石 1.5 12 野人沟 D5 5.3 1.7 18 左岸崩滑体 1.6 16 D6 8.1 支沟挤压 1.5 14 磨子沟 D7 4.2 1.6 16 支沟挤压 1.5 14
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表 3 沟道宽度、沟谷宽度统计
Table 3. Statistics of the width of the ditch and valley
沟道 距沟口距离/km 沟谷宽度/m 沟道宽度/m 毛家沟 1.09 62 37 2.38 99 47 2.99 112 53 4.32 87 45 6.82 110 51 9.23 99 48 11.70 136 62 13.36 87 44 野人沟 0.72 112 53 1.72 150 67 2.84 161 75 4.54 100 45 磨子沟 1.17 112 52 2.37 124 52 2.88 113 56 3.80 137 54
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表 4 拟设桥位处泥石流动力学参数
Table 4. Dynamic parameters of debris flow at the proposed bridge site
动力学参数 设计频率/% N3线1#桥/K线服务区 N3线2#桥 K线2#桥 泥石流流量/（m3·s−1） 5 124.57 181.58 91.52 2 169.71 247.71 124.28 1 203.71 298.34 148.73 泥石流流速/（m·s−1） 5 4.41 3.05 3.83 2 4.62 3.55 4.43 1 4.78 4.06 4.70 泥石流泥深/m 5 0.48 1.11 0.36 2 0.56 1.20 0.44 1 0.89 1.34 0.51 泥石流整体冲击力/（tF·m−2） 5 6.22 2.60 4.71 2 7.27 3.58 8.08 1 8.20 9.41 9.55 泥石流影响高度/m 5 11.47 11.58 11.11 2 11.65 11.84 11.44 1 12.06 12.18 11.64
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