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摘要:
对气泡羽流的声学探测是目前海底冷泉调查的主要手段。在声学探测理论基础上, 分析了声学探测过程中CW声波脉冲信号的发射频率、发射功率、声波脉冲宽度(脉冲持续时间)3个参数对海底冷泉气泡羽流探测成像的影响。同时, 结合黄、渤海老铁山水道海域海底冷泉外业调查和人工模拟冷泉实验的数据, 进一步明确了这些参数的选取原则和范围。针对声学水体剖面上出现的异常干扰带, 还提出了改变脉冲发射时延值来消除水体声学剖面图中干扰带的方法, 从而进一步优化海底冷泉气泡羽流的声学成像效果。
Abstract:Acoustic detection is an important method for investigation of cold seep bubble plumes. On the basis of acoustic theory, this paper studies the influence of three detection parameters on the bubble plume acoustic detection and imaging, i.e. the emission frequency, the transmitting power, and the width of the pulse (pulse duration) of the CW sonic pulse signal. The principles and ranges for selection of the acoustic detection parameters are further clarified with the data from field investigation and simulation experiment of cold seep at the Laotieshan water channel at the border between the Yellow Sea and the Bohai Sea. In order to reduce the abnormal interference bands in the acoustic water section, the authors proposed a method to eliminate the interference band in the acoustic profile by changing the time delay of pulse emission. It is proved that the method is effective to further optimize the acoustic detection and imaging for the detection of bubble plume of cold seep.
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Key words:
- cold seep /
- bubble plume /
- acoustic detection /
- time delay /
- interference band
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表 1 世界不同海区的声学探测实例(据文献[25])
Table 1. Example of acoustic detection in different sea areas of the world
位置 水深/m 声学方法与参数 资料来源 美国圣巴巴拉海峡 3.5kHz浅层剖面仪:带通滤波3~4kHz； Derek C Quigley等[14] 伊比利亚半岛Cadiz湾 50~1300 Simrad EM12S-120多波束系统:主频13kHz；TOPAS系统:主频15~18kHz, 差频0.5~5 kHz, 垂向分辨率0.5~1.0m；单道地震:声源3.5~7kJ, 频率50Hz~4kHz L Somoza等[15] 加拿大St.Lawrence河口 100~300 Simrad EM 1200多波束系统:频率95 kHz；单道地震:声源2~8kJ电火花和40in3气枪, 主频200Hz, 穿透深度300m, 最大垂向分辨率1.5m Nicolas Pinet等[16] Barents海 180~450 Simrad EM 1002多波束系统:频率95kHz；常规2D、3D地震系统 Helge Leth等[17] 非洲西南部Congo Fan海区 500~3500 Hydrosweep多波束系统:频率15kHz；深拖侧扫声纳:频率75kHz, 最大分辨率0.75m；参量阵浅剖:主频18kHz和22kHz, 差频4kHz Heiko Sahling等[18] 黑海 < 2000 Simrad EM 12S-120多波束系统:主频13kHz；MAK1海洋声学系统(侧扫声纳:低频30kHz, 高频100kHz；浅剖:主频4.5kHz, 穿透深度60m) R P Kruglyakova等[19] 埃及尼罗河深海扇 1000~1300 AUV(Simrad EM 2000多波束系统:频率200kHz, 111波束, 120°开角, 作业深度距海底70m, 分辨率1.0m) S Dupre等[20] 爱尔兰Porcupine盆地 300~900 3.5kHz浅剖；侧扫声纳频率30kHz；单道地震声源500J电火花；常规2D、3D地震系统 P Van Rensbergen等[21.22] 北海Gullfaks油气田 150~250 ROV(多波束系统、侧扫声纳、浅地层剖面) M Hovland等[23] 南黄海济州岛近海 40~100 3.5kHz浅剖；Simrad EA 500单波束测深:频率208kHz K S Jeong等[24] 
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表 2 不同水深时冷泉羽流气泡的共振频率
Table 2. Resonant freguency of seep bubbles in different water depths
单位:Hz 水深/m 2 10 20 30 40 50 100 200 500 常见气泡(直径0.5~5mm) 1429~
142851844~
184412259~
225862608~
260802916~
291583194~
319414325~
432495976~
597579312~
93124中等气泡(直径2.5mm) 2857 3688 4517 5216 5832 6388 8650 11951 18625 易破碎的大气泡(直径8mm) 893 1153 1412 1630 1822 1996 2703 3735 5820
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表 3 功率和脉冲宽度实验参数
Table 3. Experimental parameters for power and pulse width
38kHz 120kHz 序号 发射功率/W 脉冲持续时间/ms 序号 发射功率/W 脉冲持续时间/ms A1 200 0.256 B1 100 0.064 A2 400 0.256 B2 50 0.128 A3 1000 0.256 B3 100 0.128 A4 2000 0.256 B4 50 0.256 A5 200 0.512 B5 100 0.256 A6 400 0.512 B6 125 0.256 A7 1000 0.512 B7 200 0.256 A8 2000 0.512 B8 250 0.256 A9 400 1.024 B9 50 0.512 A10 1000 1.024 B10 100 0.512 A11 2000 1.024 B11 50 1.024 A12 200 2.048 B12 100 1.024 A13 400 2.048 B13 250 1.024 A14 1000 2.048 A15 400 4.096
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