Variation in growth rate of polymetallic crusts in the central and western Pacific Ocean and its constraining factors
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摘要:
多金属结壳在不同生长区域、层位存在生长速率的差异，这在一定程度上反映了其生长条件的优劣，说明其受到了诸多海洋要素的制约。本研究在总结生长速率变化与结壳生长区域、年代和结构构造的关系的同时，分析生长间断发生与生长速率变化的关系，并尝试对多金属结壳生长环境条件的转变进行探讨。多金属结壳的生长速率随采样海山区位置由东向西（莱恩海山区—麦哲伦等海山区）、结构构造由致密到疏松再到较致密和生长期由老到新由高至低变化。最低含氧带之下合适的深度、较强的氧化性、较丰富的陆源物质供给和海洋中较高的碳酸钙溶解率有利于结壳的生长，使其具有较大的生长速率。多金属结壳生长间断的发生对应3种生长速率变化情形：①在生长速率由低升高前，主要对应65～60 Ma的间断期，此时水动力条件不佳，结壳因生长环境过差而间断，由差转好时复生长；②生长速率由高转低时，主要对应51～42 Ma和40～35 Ma的两次间断期，此时气候回暖同时陆源风尘供应水平较低，结壳在生长环境变差时间断，稍好时复生长；③生长速率持续偏低时，对应28～18 Ma的间断期，此时大洋CaCO3溶解率持续偏低，结壳在长时间较差的生长环境中断续生长。
Abstract:The growth rate of polymetallic crust varies in different growing areas and layers, constrained by some marine factors. In this paper, the polymetallic crust growth rate and its variation with growth region, age and structures are studied, in addition to the relationship between growth discontinuity and growth rate change. It is found that from east to west of the study area, i.e. from the Line Seamounts to Magellan Seamounts, the growth rate of polymetallic crusts decreases as the crusts change from dense to loose to sub-dense in layers, from old to young in ages and from high to low in topography. The areas below OMZ, where it is strong in oxidability, abundant in terrigenous materials supply and high in dissolution rate of calcium carbonate, are the areas favorable to the growth of crusts. Hiatus of crusts corresponding to three types of growth rate changes are observed in the study area: a) before the growth rate turned from low to high, which mainly corresponds to the hiatus of 65～60 Ma, the hydrodynamic condition of the environment is not good enough to crust growth, so the crust stopped growing and the crust could only resume growing when conditions were improved. b) when the climate warmed up and the supply of continental-derived wind dust remain low, the growth rate of crust would drop from high, which mainly corresponds to the two hiatuses during 51～42 Ma and 40～35 Ma. The crusts stopped growing when the environment became severe, and could only resume growing when it was slightly getting better. c) the growth rate remained low, which corresponded to the hiatus of 28-18 Ma, while the dissolution rate of CaCO3 in the ocean was low. The crusts grew intermittently if the growth environment remained poor.
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Key words:
- polymetallic crusts /
- growth rate /
- hiatus /
- paleoceanic environment
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表 1 结壳取样信息和结构构造简述
Table 1. Sampling information and structural description
样品名称 采样区域 采样位置 层位 宏观描述 MS1 麦哲伦海山区 12.1°N、153.3°E
2 128 m较致密 结核状结壳，环绕核心生长。
整体致密，按生长纹理大致
可分为5层，无明显疏松层。致密 MHD79 马绍尔海山区 11.7°N、163.2°E
2 381 m较致密 亮黑色—黑褐色，致密块状，组成纯净，横纵节理发育，贝壳状断口。 疏松 黄白色—黄褐色，质地疏松，杂质较多。 致密 亮黑色—黑褐色，致密块状，片理发育。 CLD34-2 马尔库斯威克海山区 21.67°N、160.5°E
2 191 m较致密 黑褐色，致密块状，组成纯净，柱状构造。 较致密 黑褐色，同心圆构造，具柱状构造。 CLD50 疏松 黑褐色，多孔，充填大量碎屑，构造杂乱。 致密 亮黑色，组成纯净，具平行纹层构造，具生物痕迹。 MP3D10 莱恩海山区 13.2°N、165.3°W
2 739 m较致密 黑褐色，致密块状。 疏松 黑褐色—黄褐色，裂隙和孔洞多，大量杂质。 致密 亮黑色—黄白色，致密块状，节理裂隙发育。 MP3D22 14.3°N、166.1°W
3 214 m较致密 褐黑色，呈层状，金属光泽。 疏松 灰色—黄褐色，裂隙和孔洞多。 致密 亮黑色，致密块状，组成纯净。 
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表 2 中、西太平洋多金属结壳分层生长速率
Table 2. Growth rate changes within the crust layers in Western-Central Pacific
取样点位 取样深度/mm Co含量/% 生长速率/（mm/Ma） 187Os/188Os Co-Os年龄/Ma 分层平均值 麦哲伦海山区MS1 1 3 0.36 3.82 0.966 8 1.18 较致密层2.19 2 6 0.37 3.64 0.941 2 2 3 9 0.43 2.79 0.907 0 2.9 4 11 0.48 2.35 0.874 6 3.75 5 13 0.51 2.07 0.827 1 8 6 15 0.49 2.27 0.787 9 10 7 17 0.44 2.70 0.777 8 10.92 8 20 0.50 1.92 0.781 2 12.23 9 22 0.74 1.14 0.790 7 14.43 10 25 0.75 1.09 0.790 9 17.18 11 28 0.76 1.08 0.769 5 28 12 30 0.67 1.34 0.708 6 29.87 13 33 0.62 1.50 0.617 7 32.2 14 37 0.46 2.48 0.617 7 33.81 15 41 0.44 2.64 0.506 9 35.52 16 46 0.61 1.54 0.431 5 54 致密层1.54 平均值 0.54 2.15 0.756 1 马绍尔海山区MHD79 1 2 0.51 2.09 0.969 0 2.63 较致密层1.91 2 9 0.54 1.90 0.877 4 6.05 3 15 0.50 2.16 0.840 2 8.47 4 19.5 0.49 2.24 0.780 0 10.59 5 24.5 0.61 1.55 0.783 0 28 6 28.5 0.60 1.60 0.693 7 30.51 7 32.5 0.58 1.69 0.560 2 32.29 8 34.5 0.52 2.03 0.568 1 33.52 9 37.5 0.53 1.96 0.388 3 35.05 10 40.5 0.49 2.24 0.533 1 40 疏松层2.69 11 44.5 0.50 2.16 0.405 8 42.54 12 51.5 0.42 2.93 0.432 4 51 13 59.5 0.39 3.32 0.443 4 53.26 14 66.5 0.43 2.78 0.308 0 55.42 15 71.5 0.48 2.31 0.368 4 65 致密层2.39 16 77 0.44 2.68 0.422 0 66.87 17 81.5 0.43 2.75 0.507 5 68.32 18 85 0.54 1.90 0.606 0 75 19 90 0.50 2.18 0.589 5 77.44 20 96 0.46 2.49 0.696 3 79.04 平均值 0.50 2.25 0.588 6 马尔库斯威克海山区CLD34-2 1 2 0.57 2.17 1.027 6 1.32 较致密层1.85 2 4 0.70 1.97 0.996 5 2.37 3 6 0.81 1.84 0.979 6 3.48 4 8 0.98 1.68 0.947 7 4.67 5 10 0.88 1.77 0.921 1 5.77 6 12 1.00 1.67 0.912 9 6.95 7 14 0.81 1.84 0.832 9 8.29 平均值 0.85 1.85 0.945 5 马尔库斯威克海山区CLD50 1 2 0.51 2.29 1.022 0 1.17 较致密层1.83 2 4 1.17 1.55 1.016 9 2.3 3 6 0.73 1.93 0.975 4 3.34 4 8 1.32 1.47 0.936 5 4.63 5 10 0.74 1.92 0.848 1 5.73 6 14 0.73 1.93 0.670 1 13 疏松层1.93 7 30 0.65 2.05 0.621 9 32 致密层2.15 8 34 0.53 2.24 0.508 5 32.95 9 40 0.57 2.17 0.399 9 34.84 平均值 0.76 1.95 0.78 莱恩海山区MP3D10 1 3 0.61 2.11 0.915 1 3 较致密层2.11 2 7 0.41 2.54 0.812 4 10 疏松层2.56 3 10 0.40 2.57 0.763 9 11.17 4 13 0.41 2.54 0.769 9 12.35 致密层2.83 5 16 0.57 2.17 0.801 2 28 6 20 0.51 2.29 0.750 0 30.18 7 26 0.44 2.46 0.596 3 32.42 8 31 0.50 2.31 0.568 0 34.15 9 34 0.31 2.90 0.672 1 35.18 10 37 0.30 2.92 0.694 7 40 11 40 0.30 2.94 0.687 7 41.02 12 43 0.27 3.06 0.664 4 42.16 13 47 0.24 3.27 0.642 0 54 14 51 0.23 3.35 0.599 0 55.05 15 54 0.22 3.38 0.513 1 55.79 16 56 0.22 3.39 0.524 1 56.53 17 59 0.39 2.60 0.502 4 65 平均值 0.37 2.75 0.675 1 莱恩海山区MP3D22 1 4 0.44 2.46 0.826 7 8 较致密层2.46 2 8 0.37 2.66 0.636 2 11 疏松层2.66 3 11 0.31 2.90 0.712 5 31 致密层3.46 4 15 0.18 3.74 0.718 2 32.07 5 19 0.16 3.95 0.650 7 33.08 6 23 0.16 3.95 0.651 6 34.03 7 26.5 0.20 3.56 0.653 3 34.95 8 29.5 0.27 3.09 0.584 4 56 9 32.5 0.22 3.40 0.535 1 56.81 10 35 0.23 3.33 0.565 8 57.63 11 38 0.21 3.48 0.574 1 58.49 12 41 0.21 3.48 0.604 8 59.5 13 45 0.19 3.65 0.611 2 60.6 14 49 0.20 3.56 0.690 2 66 15 51 0.20 3.56 0.777 9 66.7 16 54 0.21 3.48 0.821 1 67.42 17 56 0.23 3.33 0.854 7 68.17 18 59 0.22 3.40 0.862 8 69.05 19 62 0.22 3.40 0.803 5 69.94 20 65 0.24 3.27 0.839 6 78 21 70 0.21 3.48 0.897 3 79.44 22 75 0.25 3.20 0.916 9 80.53 平均值 0.23 3.38 0.717 7 注：MS1 和 MHD79 采用 Manheim 和 L-Bostwick[23]（式1）的经验公式，其他4个样品则采用McMurtry等[24]（式2）的公式，对受到磷酸盐化影响较大的 MHD79、CLD50 和 MP3D10 依据 Puteanus 和 Halbach[8]的方法进行了磷酸盐化校正。分别计算了样品各宏观构造层的平均生长速率。
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表 3 结壳在不同生长期内的生长速率（单位：mm/Ma）
Table 3. Growth rate of crusts during different growing periods（unit:mm/Ma）
样品名称 生长期/Ma 80～75 70～65 60～50 42～40 35～28 15～10 8～0 MS1 1.54-I 1.81-III 1.82-III 2.93-III MHD79 2.19-I 2.58-I 3.01-II 2.2-II 1.77-III 2.1-III CLD34-2 1.85-III CLD50 2.15-I 1.93-II 1.83-III MP3D10 2.6-I 3.35-I 2.97-I 2.43-I 2.55-II 2.11-III MP3D22 3.32-I 3.46-1 3.41-1 3.62-1 2.66-II 2.46-III 注：I-致密层，II-疏松层，III-较致密层。
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