中国近海新构造活动断裂调查与地震勘探方法

吴德城; 侯方辉; 祁江豪; 朱晓青

doi:10.16562/j.cnki.0256-1492.2020091101

中国近海新构造活动断裂调查与地震勘探方法

1.
中国石油大学(华东)地球科学与技术学院，青岛 266580

2.
青岛海洋科学与技术试点国家实验室海洋矿产资源评价与探测技术功能实验室，青岛 266071

3.
中国地质调查局青岛海洋地质研究所，青岛 266071

基金项目: 国家自然科学基金 “琉球海沟俯冲带岩石圈结构与流体循环—海洋大地电磁与地震数据约束”（91958210）；国家海洋地质专项项目（DD20190365，DD20190377）；青岛海洋科学与技术国家实验室鳌山科技创新计划项目“亚洲大陆边缘地质过程与资源环境效应”（2015ASKJ03）

详细信息

作者简介: 吴德城（1995—），男，硕士研究生，主要从事海洋地质方面的研究，E-mail：wdch1234567@163.com

通讯作者: 侯方辉（1979—），男，博士，高级工程师，主要从事构造地质和海洋地球物理等研究，E-mail：houfanghui3993@163.com

中图分类号: P714

收稿日期: 2020-09-11

修回日期: 2020-10-02

刊出日期: 2020-12-25

Seismic survey and exploration methods for Neotectonic active faults in the area off China continent

1.
School of Geosciences, China University of Petroleum, Qingdao 266580, China

2.
Laboratory for Marine Mineral Resources, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology(Qingdao), Qingdao 266071, China

3.
Qingdao Institute of Marine Geology, China Geological Survey, Qingdao 266071, China

More Information

Corresponding author: HOU Fanghui, houfanghui3993@163.com

Received Date: 11 September 2020

Revised Date: 02 October 2020

Publish Date: 25 December 2020

摘要

摘要:
中国近海处于大洋板块与大陆板块作用的关键区域，新构造运动频繁，活动断裂是其主要的表现形式之一。浅地层剖面仪测量、单道地震、多道地震和海底地震仪探测（OBS）等海洋地震勘探方法是调查研究海域活动断裂的主要地球物理手段，各自具有不同技术优势和探测功能，在海域活动断裂调查研究中发挥了重要作用。通过OBS广角反射/折射深地震探测和长排列多道地震勘探，获得了中国近海的区域深大断裂展布特征，深化了深大断裂形成与演化的深部动力学机理的认识，进而分析了其对活动断裂控制与约束关系。根据活动断裂时代新、埋藏浅的特点，综合利用浅地层剖面仪测量、单道地震和高分辨率多道地震方法，获得了中国近海海域活动断裂的分布、走向和差异升降等特征，分析了新构造运动的演化规律。本文综述了海洋地震勘探技术方法的主要特点和功能，及其在海域活动断裂调查中的功能和作用，总结了利用地震勘探技术方法在中国近海新构造活动断裂调查研究中取得的主要成果，提出了在未来的海域新构造运动地震调查研究中，应采用多技术方法组合系统调查与研究的思路，着力提高地震勘探的精度，探索应用横波地震勘探和海底可控震源等新技术的建议。
- 活动断裂 /
- 地震探测 /
- 新构造 /
- 海底地震仪 /
- 综合探测
Abstract:
Located in the key area of land-ocean plate interaction, offshore China is an area frequently suffered from neotectonic movement-caused disasters, and active faults are one of their main triggers. Marine seismic exploration methods such as sub-bottom profiler, single channel seismic, multi-channel seismic and ocean bottom seismometer (OBS) are the main geophysical tools used to investigate active faults offshore. Each of them has its own technical advantages and detection ranges to play roles in the investigation and study of active faults offshore. Recently, through OBS wide-angle reflection/refraction deep seismic exploration and long spread multi-channel seismic exploration, we have been able to gain the distribution patterns of regional deep-large faults in China offshore area, and the understanding of deep dynamic mechanism of the formation and evolution of deep-large faults is greatly deepened. Upon the basis, we analyzed the control and constraint relationship of active faults in this paper. Newly buried active faults are young in age and shallow in burial depth. According to the features as such, we studied in this paper the distribution pattern, strike and differential rise and fall of active faults in China offshore area with such methods as sub-bottom profiler, single-channel seismic and high-resolution multi-channel seismic. And the main characteristics and functions of marine seismic exploration techniques and methods, as well as their functions and effects in the investigation of active faults in the sea area, are summarized in addition to the main achievements obtained in the researches. It is concluded that for future marine neotectonic seismic prospecting and research, it is necessary to insist on the idea of multi-technology methods and systematic investigation, focus more on improving the accuracy of seismic exploration, and explore the application of new technology such as S-wave seismic exploration and seabed vibrator.
- active fault /
- seismic prospecting /
- neotectonic /
- ocean bottom seismometer(OBS) /
- joint detection

HTML全文

图 1 中国近海区域性深大断裂和活动断裂分布示意图^[2-3]

Figure 1.

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图 2 南黄海典型的浅部地层声学剖面

Figure 2.

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图 3 过CSDP-2井典型的高分辨率多道地震剖面

Figure 3.

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图 4 南黄海OBS-2013线纵波速度结构剖面^[44]

Figure 4.

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图 5 渤海海峡调查区断裂分布示意图

Figure 5.

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图 6 多道地震呈现的千里岩断裂活动特征

Figure 6.

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图 7 东海陆架盆地多道地震显示继承深大断裂的活动断层

Figure 7.

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表 1 主要地震勘探方法对比

Table 1. Comparison of main seismic exploration methods

探测方法	分辨率	勘探深度	工作方式	主要用途
浅地层剖面	20～50 cm	100 m左右	电火花震源激发，拖曳式单道接收	用于全新世地质特征和活动断裂探查
单道地震	2～5 m（和震源的激发能量有关）	500～1000 m（和震源的激发能量有关）	电火花震源或小容量气枪激发，拖曳式单道接收	用于第四纪地质特征和活动断裂探查与成岩基底相关的活动断裂探查
高分辨率多道地震	1～3 m	1000～1500 m	大能量电火花或相干气枪激发，小间距多道接收	用于新生代地质特征和活动断裂探查与成岩基底相关的活动断裂探查
长排列多道地震	几十米到几百米	几千米到上万米	大能量气枪阵列震源激发，长排列多道接收，道数可达几百道	用于区域地质和探查盆地基底
海底地震仪（OBS）	分辨率低，只反映地层宏观速度结构	可达莫霍面	大能量气枪枪阵激发，单点独立式接收	用于探查地壳构造、深部断裂和中到深大断裂

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