Study on coastline changes in the Rizhao area for the past 30 years and their bearing on land use
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摘要:
海岸带地区是日照市旅游资源的主要汇集地，承担着日照经济文化发展的中心任务。本文选取1988、2000、2011、2018年4期的夏季Landsat影像，对日照海岸带地区岸线多样性指数和岸线变化速率进行分析，采用最大似然法对海岸带地区土地利用进行监督分类研究，探究日照海岸带近30年来土地利用演变。研究表明，日照市在1988—2018年间岸线长度显著增加，人工岸线年均增长率为2.35 km/a，而砂质岸线长度显著减少，年均减少率为0.56 km/a；总体上岸线以向海扩张为主，扩张最剧烈的地区为日照港和岚山港。日照东港区和岚山区耕地面积基本保持不变；建设用地面积大幅增加，林地面积大幅减少，而水体和未利用地总体面积保持稳定，人类的建设活动是驱动日照滨海地区岸线与土地利用现状演变的最主要因素。本研究结果可为日照海岸带可持续开发利用以及城市未来规划决策提供依据。
Abstract:The Rizhao coastal zone is a place rich in tourist resources, which play important roles in economic and cultural development of the Rizhao city. In this paper, four sets of summer Landsat images in the years of 1988, 2000, 2011 and 2018 are collected for visually interpretation, and the coastline of Rizhao coastal zone is classified according to the diversity index of coastline type and the change rate of the coastline. The maximum likelihood method is adopted to explore the changes in land use in the Rizhao coastal zone for the past 30 years. The results suggest that the length of Rizhao coastline is significantly increased from 1988 to 2018 at an artificial growth rate of about 2.35 km/a, while the length of sandy coastline, on the other side, is decreased at an average rate of 0.56 km/a. The coastline mainly moves toward the sea and most of the intensely expanded areas are closed to the Rizhao Port and Lanshan Port. The cultivated land area of Donggang District and Lanshan District, the overall area of water body and the unused land remain basically unchanged. The construction land is significantly increased in the past 30 years, while the forest land decreased drastically. Human construction activities are doubtlessly the main factor that influence the evolution of coastline and land utilization in Rizhao coastal area. The results of this study may be used to promote the sustainable development and rational utilization of Rizhao coastal zone in future urban planning and policy-making.
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Key words:
- coastline /
- driving force /
- land evolution /
- Rizhao city
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表 1 卫星数据列表
Table 1. The list of satellite data used
序号 成像日期 卫星 传感器 轨道号 地面分辨率/m 1 1988-10-09 Landsat5 TM P120r35 30 2 1988-10-09 Landsat5 TM P120r36 30 3 2000-09-16 Landsat7 ETM+ P120r35 30 4 2000-09-16 Landsat7 ETM+ P120r36 30 5 2011-10-07 Landsat7 ETM+ P120r35 30 6 2011-10-07 Landsat7 ETM+ P120r36 30 7 2018-10-12 Landsat8 OLI_TIRS P120r35 30 8 2018-10-12 Landsat8 OLI_TIRS P120r36 30 
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表 2 1988—2018年日照市岸线长度分类统计
Table 2. Length of Rizhao coastline from 1988 to 2018
km 1988年 2000年 2011年 2018年
自然岸线基岩岸线 1.79 1.92 1.67 1.74 砂质岸线 49.87 42.95 31.56 32.89 河口岸线 0.88 1.08 1.03 1.10 淤泥质岸线 4.37 4.87 4.88 4.67 小计 56.91 50.82 39.14 40.40
人工岸线养殖围堤岸线 18.45 28.37 19.26 16.47 港口码头岸线 10.67 19.47 45.10 81.15 建设围堤岸线 6.12 4.07 13.96 20.82 小计 35.23 51.91 78.31 118.44 总计 92.14 102.73 117.45 158.84 自然岸线拥有率/% 61.76 49.47 33.32 25.43
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表 3 1988—2018年日照市岸线年平均变化速率
Table 3. Average annual change rate of Rizhao coastline from 1988 to 2018
km/a 1988—
2000年2000—
2011年2011—
2018年1988—
2018年自然岸线 基岩岸线 0.010 −0.023 0.010 −0.002 砂质岸线 −0.577 −1.035 0.190 −0.566 河口岸线 0.017 −0.005 0.010 0.007 淤泥质岸线 0.042 0.001 −0.030 0.010 人工
岸线养殖围堤岸线 0.827 −0.828 −0.398 −0.066 港口码头岸线 0.733 2.330 5.151 2.350 建设围堤岸线 −0.170 0.899 0.980 0.490 注：负值表示岸线后退或减少；正值表示岸线前进或增加。下同。
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表 4 1988—2018年土地利用面积转移矩阵
Table 4. Conversion of the land use areas from 1988 to 2018
km2 1988年 2018年 耕地 建设用地 林地 水体 未利用地 总计 耕地 828.32 224.25 40.66 5.32 2.21 1100.75 建设用地 120.07 107.06 2.56 4.33 0.44 234.46 林地 140.41 104.21 180.55 5.10 0.31 430.57 水体 4.50 50.68 0.45 50.67 0.00 106.29 未利用地 18.48 1.50 1.43 0.30 0.01 21.71 总计 1111.77 487.69 225.64 65.71 2.96 1893.77 注：表中数字表示由一种土地利用类型向另一种土地利用类型转化的面积，同种土地利用类型间的数据表示未转化的面积。
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表 5 日照市森林公园沙滩剖面和万平口沙滩剖面对台风的侵蚀响应结果
Table 5. Erosion response of beach transects to typhoon in Forest Park and Wanpingkou
时间 森林公园沙滩剖面 万平口沙滩剖面 北部 中部 南部 北部 中部 南部 侵蚀面积/m2 2018—2019 −32.80 +20.35 −14.53 −3.89 −5.71 −0.38 实测侵蚀长度/m 2018.8 −30 −37 −60 −40 −40 −10 2019.8 −83 +28 −10 −45 −35 −30 下切最大深度/m 2018.8 −0.45 −0.25 −0.4 −0.4 −1 −1 2019.8 −0.4 0 +0.1 −0.3 −0.7 −0.7 注：2018年8月为台风“温比亚”过境期， 2019年8月为台风“利奇马”过境期。正值代表淤积，负值代表侵蚀。
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