Advancements in studying the biogeochemistry of methane in marine depositional systems through trace element geochemistry
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摘要:
由地质过程与微生物作用共同塑造的地球环境，当前正受到全球变暖的威胁，其中甲烷作为一种极为重要的温室气体，对全球变暖的贡献率已经达到了20%。海洋沉积物是地球最大的甲烷储库，在海洋富甲烷环境，微生物参与的产甲烷、甲烷厌氧氧化和甲烷有氧氧化过程广泛存在，是研究错综复杂的甲烷生物地球化学循环过程的理想实验室。本文从地质微生物学角度解析了含微量元素的酶或辅酶介导的甲烷循环过程，梳理了微生物潜在的微量元素需求，并重点综述了近年来主要涉及海洋甲烷循环过程研究的微量元素和同位素地球化学证据。由于参与甲烷循环过程的微生物纯培养相对困难，而地球化学研究又难以实现对生物地球化学过程的精细刻画，微生物学与地球化学的学科交叉研究优势明显、前景广阔。阐明海洋富甲烷环境微生物活动与微量元素的耦合关系，对于探索当前全球变暖背景下海洋甲烷循环过程和全球甲烷排放的调控至关重要，也有望为解析地质历史时期的甲烷排放事件及其全球生态环境效应提供独特的视角。
Abstract:The habitable planet, shaped by geological processes and microbial activity, is currently threatened by global warming. Methane, as an important greenhouse gas, is responsible for 20% of global warming. The largest amount of methane on the Earth is found in marine sediment. In these methane-rich marine environments, microbial process such as methanogenesis, anaerobic methane oxidation, and aerobic methane oxidation play a crucial role. In this review, the methane cycle mediated by enzymes or coenzymes containing trace elements was analyzed from the perspective of geological microbiology, the potential trace element demand of microorganisms was examined, and the geochemical evidence of trace elements and isotopes that primarily related to the study of the marine methane cycle in recent years were emphasized. At present, the pure culture of microorganisms involved in the methane cycle presents challenges, and to accurately describe biogeochemical processes in geochemical research is difficult. Therefore, interdisciplinary research that combines microbiology and geochemistry offers clear advantages and promising prospects. Understanding the interplay between microbial activities and trace elements in marine methane-rich environments is crucial for investigating the marine methane cycle and regulating global methane emissions in the context of current global warming. Additionally, this knowledge is anticipated to offer a distinctive vantage point for analyzing historical methane emission events and their global ecological/environmental impacts.
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Key words:
- marine depositional systems /
- methane cycle /
- microbial activity /
- trace elements
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表 1 涉及甲烷循环过程的反应方程式
Table 1. Reaction equations of methane cycle processes
反应 甲烷循环过程 具体类型 反应方程式 1 产甲烷作用 氢营养型 4H2 + CO2 → CH4 + 2H2O 2 4HCOOH → CH4 + 3CO2 + 2H2O 3 4CO + 2H2O → CH4 + 3CO2 4 乙酸营养型 CH3COOH → CH4 + CO2 5 甲基营养型 CH3OH + H2 → CH4 + H2O 6 4CH3OH→3CH4 + CO2 + 2H2O 7 2(CH3)2-S + 2H2O → 3CH4 + CO2 + 2H2S 8 4CH3-NH2 + 2H2O → 3CH4 + CO2 + 4NH3 9 2(CH3)2-NH + 2H2O → 3CH4 + CO2 + 2NH3 10 4(CH3)-N + 6H2O → 9CH4 + 3CO2 + 4NH3 11 4CH3NH3Cl + 2H2O → 3CH4 + CO2 + 4NH4Cl 12 甲氧基营养型 4CH3-O-R + 2H2O → 3CH4 + CO2 + 4R-OH 13 烷基营养型 4C16H34 + 30H2O → 49CH4 + 15CO2 14 甲烷厌氧氧化 反向产甲烷 CH4 + 2H2O → CO2 + 4H2 15 SO42– + 4H2 + H+ → HS– + 4H2O 16 乙酸生成 2CH4 + 2H2O → CH3COOH + 4H2 17 (同15) SO42– + 4H2 + H+ → HS– + 4H2O 18 CH3COOH + SO42– → 2HCO3– + HS– + H+ 19 CH4 + SO42– → HCO3– + HS– + H2O 20 CH4 + HCO3– → CH3COO– + H2O 21 CH3COO– + SO42– → 2HCO3– + 2HS– 22 (同19) CH4 + SO42– → HCO3– + HS– + H2O 23 甲基生成 3CH4 + HCO3– + 5H+ + 4HS– → CH3-SH + 3H2O 24 4CH3-SH + 3SO42– → 4HCO3– +7HS– + 5H+ 25 甲烷有氧氧化 总反应 CH4 + 2O2 → CO2 + 2H2O 26 甲烷转化为甲醇 CH4 + O2 + 2e– + 2H+ → CH3OH + H2O 27 甲醇转化为甲醛 CH3OH → HCHO + H2 28 甲醛转化为甲酸 HCHO + H2O → HCOOH + H2 29 甲酸转化为CO2和H2 HCOOH → CO2 + H2 
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