Distribution and enrichment of arsenic, cadmium, mercury, and nutrient elements in surface sediment of Shenzhen Bay
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摘要:
基于2020年的调查资料研究了深圳湾（深圳管辖区）表层沉积物中砷、镉、汞和氮、磷等营养元素的含量、空间分布、富集、来源以及生态风险等特征，深圳湾表层沉积物中As、Cd、Hg、TN、TP和TOC的含量分别为16.46±3.78 μg/g、0.26±0.10 μg/g、0.110±0.044 μg/g、947±281μg/g、631±214 μg/g和1.41%±0.41%。三种重金属含量在内湾深圳河口外和蛇口港沿岸相对较高；TN、TP和TOC含量则在内湾含量较高。排污等人类活动输入导致了TN、TP、As和Cd在深圳湾表层沉积物中富集，其中TN在整个海湾都明显富集，后三者则主要富集于内湾的深圳河口、北部沿岸和湾口港口区。As、Cd可能主要来源于港口船只排污，而TN、TP则可能主要来源于沿岸污水溢流。虽然深圳湾大部分海域表层沉积物中As、Cd、Hg和TOC含量均低于我国沉积物质量一类标准阈值，满足目前一般工业用水、滨海风景旅游的环境功能要求，但As、TN、TOC和TP含量仍可能会对某些敏感底栖生物产生负面影响，需持续保持关注。
Abstract:The characteristics of content, spatial distribution, enrichment, source, and ecological risk for arsenic (As), cadmium (Cd), mercury (Hg), nitrogen (N), phosphorus P), and organic carbon (OC) in surface sediment of Shenzhen Bay (Shenzhen, Guangdong, South China) were studied based on sediment samples obtained in 2020. The contents of As, Cd, Hg, TN (total N), TP (total P), and TOC (total OC) in the surface sediment of Shenzhen Bay were 16.46±3.78 μg/g, 0.26±0.10 μg/g, 0.110±0.044 μg/g, 947±281 μg/g, 631±214 μg/g, and 1.41%±0.41%, respectively. The contents of three heavy metals are relatively high outside the Shenzhen River estuary and along the coast of the Shekou Port. The contents of TN, TP, and TOC are relatively high in the inner bay. The inputs of human activities such as pollution discharges lead to the enrichments of TN, TP, As, and Cd in surface sediment. TN was enriched significantly throughout the entire bay, while other three elements were mainly enriched in the Shenzhen River estuary, the northern coast of inner bay and port area in the bay mouth. As and Cd might come from mainly vessel discharge, while TN and TP derived probably from coastal domestic sewage. The contents of As, Cd, Hg, and TOC in surface sediment were lower than China’s national Class 1 benchmark thresholds for sediment within most of the Shenzhen Bay, which means they could meet the current environment functional requirements for general industrial water use and coastal scenic tourism. However, As, TN, TOC and TP shall be paid with continuous attention as they may pose negative impacts on some sensitive benthos.
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Key words:
- heavy metal /
- nutrient element /
- surface sediment /
- ecological risk /
- Shenzhen Bay
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表 1 深圳湾表层沉积物中重金属和营养元素含量统计特征
Table 1. Statistics of heavy metal and nutrient element contents in surface sediment of Shenzhen Bay
统计量（阈值类型） As/(μg/g) Cd/(μg/g) Hg/(μg/g) TN/(μg/g) TP/(μg/g) TOC/% 粉砂+黏土/% 最小值 10.17 0.07 0.054 498 313 0.53 59.61 最大值 24.07 0.53 0.244 1557 1097 2.83 96.61 中间值 15.41 0.26 0.099 891 565 1.38 87.44 平均值 16.46 0.26 0.110 947 631 1.41 86.14 标准差 3.78 0.10 0.044 281 214 0.41 7.05 变异系数 0.23 0.40 0.40 0.30 0.34 0.29 0.08 国家一类标准[26] 20 0.5 0.2 − − 2 − 国家二类标准[26] 65 1.5 0.5 − − 3 − 最低效应基准[27] 6 0.6 0.2 550 600 1 − 严重效应基准[27] 33 10 2 4800 2000 10 − 
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表 2 深圳湾表层沉积物中重金属和营养元素含量之间的相关系数
Table 2. The Pearson correlation coefficients among heavy metal and nutrient element contents in surface sediment of Shenzhen Bay
As Cd Hg TN TP TOC 粉砂+黏土 As 1.00 0.48* 0.09 0.04 0.29 −0.01 0.01 Cd 0.00 1.00 0.04 −0.05 −0.01 −0.01 −0.08 Hg 0.56 0.79 1.00 0.19 0.23 0.12 0.18 TN 0.79 0.73 0.22 1.00 0.65* 0.69* 0.41* TP 0.06 0.94 0.15 0.00 1.00 0.49* 0.23 TOC 0.95 0.97 0.46 0.00 0.00 1.00 0.50* 粉砂+黏土 0.97 0.64 0.26 0.01 0.14 0.00 1.00 *表示在0.01水平上显著（双侧t检验）相关。
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表 3 深圳湾表层沉积物中重金属含量与其他海湾的比较
Table 3. Comparison of heavy metal contents in surface sediment of Shenzhen Bay with other bays and sea areas
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表 4 主成分分析结果及各变量的主成分载荷
Table 4. The results of principal component analysis and component loadings of variables
统计参数 主成分I 主成分II 特征值 2.597 1.541 贡献率/% 37.106 22.016 累积贡献率/% 37.106 59.121 As 0.105 0.868 Cd −0.075 0.820 Hg 0.341 0.181 TN 0.879 −0.024 TP 0.760 0.234 TOC 0.839 −0.076 粉砂+黏土 0.642 −0.143
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表 5 深圳湾42个站位表层沉积物中重金属和营养元素生态风险评价结果
Table 5. Ecological risk assessment results of heavy metal and nutrient elements in surface sediment retrieved from 42 stations in Shenzhen Bay
基准名 基准范围 站位数量 As Cd Hg TN TP TOC 海洋沉积物质量标准（MSQ） 低于一类标准 33 41 39 − − 40 一类至二类标准之间 9 1 3 − − 2 沉积物质量管理和保护指南（GSQ） 低于LEL 0 42 39 40 23 6 LEL至SEL之间 42 0 3 2 19 36
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